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TOPIC 3. Present Continuous




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1. The Verb. Active Voice6

1.1 Topic 1. Types of verbs..6

1.2 Topic 2. The Present Simple Tense7

1.3 Topic 3.The Present Continuous Tense..9

1.4 Topic 4. The Past Simple Tense11

1.5 Topic 5.The Past Continuous Tense....12

1.6 Topic 6. The Present Perfect Tense..14

1.7 Topic 7. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense..16

1.8 Topic 8.The Past Perfect Tense18

1.9 Topic 9.The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.19

1.10. Topic 10. The Future Simple Tense...20

1.11. Topic 11. The Future Continuous Tense22

1.12. Topic 12. The Future Perfect Tense...24

1.13. Topic 13. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense...25

1.14. Topic 14. The Sequence of Tenses..27

1.15. Topic 15. Indirect Speech..30

1.16. Topic 16. Modal Verbs...36

1.17. Topic 17. The Passive Voice..43

2. Topic 18. The Subjunctive Mood..47

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Active Voice -

Adjective -

Adverb -

Adverbial modifier -

Affirmative sentence -

Attribute -

Auxiliary verb - 䳺

Exclamatory sentence -

Future Continuous Tense -

Future Perfect Continuous Tense -

Future Perfect Tense -

Future Simple Tense -

Indirect Speech -

Infinitive - 䳺

Interrogative sentence -

Irregular verb - 䳺

Modal verb - 䳺

Narrative sentence -

Negative sentence -

Notional verb - 䳺

Noun -

Object -

Participle - 䳺

Passive Voice -

Past Continuous Tense -

Past Perfect Continuous Tense -

Past Perfect Tense -

Past Simple Tense -

Predicate -

Present Continuous Tense -

Present Perfect Continuous Tense -

Present Perfect Tense -

Present Simple Tense -

Regular verb - 䳺

Sentence -

Sequence of Tenses -

Subject -

Subjunctive Mood -

Types of verbs - 䳺

Verb - 䳺

I. The Verb. Active Voice

TOPIC 1. Types of verbs

Verbs can be divided into lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs. Some auxiliaries are also use as lexical verbs: do, have, be. Modal auxiliaries have only the second form. In most cases auxiliaries function as operators.

Regular and irregular verbs: Lexical verns can be divided into regular, which have the ending ed, for the simple past and the past participle, and irregular.

Common irregular verbs: Some verbs have two forms, which can be used as either the past form or the past participle. In the list the regular form is given first, although it may not be the more common one:

burn - burned, burnt

dream dreamed, dreamt

fit - fitted, fit

hang - hanged, hung

kneel - knelled, knelt

lean - leaned, leant

leap - leaped, leapt,

light - lighted, lit

smell - smelled, smelt

speed - speeded, sped

spell - spelled, spelt

spill - spilled, spilt

spoil - spoiled, spoilt

wet wetted, wet

Some verbs have two past and past participle forms:

bid - bid, bade - bid, bidden

wake waked, woke waked, woken

weave weaved, wove weaved, woven

Some verbs have two past participle forms:

mow - mowed, mown;

prove - proved, proven;

swell swelled, swollen

'Gotten' is often used instead of 'got' as the past participle of 'get' in American English. Different verbs may have the same base form. For example, the verb 'lie' meaning say things that are not true is regular (You lied to me when you said you loved me). If 'lie means 'to be in horizontal position', it is an irregular verb and its forms are: (to) He, lay, lain.

Ex. 1. Compose the sentences putting verbs into the correct form:

MODEL: he / break / glass Look! He is breaking the glass. He broke it. Now the glass has been broken.

1. he/ kick / ball; 2. they / do / morning exercises; 3. she / touch / floor; 4. he / fill / glass; 5. Tom / catch / kite; 6. we / discuss / plan; 7.1 / describe / situation; 8. they / watch/ game; 9. he / buy / dictionary; 10. she / choose / food; 11. she / sew/ dress; 12. we / sweep/ floor; 13. Bill /strike/ match; 14. we / take / credit; 15.1 / shut/ window; 16. she / shoot/ film; 17. he / lose / time; 18. he / throw / glove; 19. dog / bite / toy; 20. Mary / make / mistake; 21. we / spend / money; 22. she / eat / sweets; 23. he / read / news.

Ex. 2. Translate the following:

1. burning match: 2. spilt milk; 3. horrified man; 4. frightening look: 5. ready-made suit; 6. shocking news; 7. exciting match; 8. satisfied customer; 9. embarrassing question; 10. annoying noise; 11. interested buyer; 12. disappointing film; 13. surprising result; 14. tiring job; 15. tired officer; 16. shocked audience; 17. well-educated girl; 18. boring novel; 19. bored reader, 20. depressing weather; 21. exhausting experience; 22. terrifying experience; 23. terrified face; 24. disgusting creature; 25. poorly-dressed boy; 26. embarassed stare; 27. broken relationship; 28. developing country; 29. developed film; 30. satisfying answer; 31. disappointed applicant; 32. wrongly-translated text; 33. most boring people; 34. rented flat; 35. sewing machine.

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. ϳ . 2. . 3. . 4. - ' - , . 5. - 6. Գ . , . 7. . ³ . 8. ³ , . 9. , ? 10. . 11. , . 12. , . 13. . , 14, . 15. , . 16. . 17. ³ . 18. . . 19. , f . 20. , . 21. . 22. ? 23. ! - . 24. , . 25. ³ , .

 

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 2-3, p.42 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

 

TOPIC 2. Present Simple

The Present Simple Tense is used to denote:

facts and permanent states

universal truth or laws of nature

habits and routines (customary, repeated actions)

timetables and programs

likes and dislikes

a future action in adverbial clause of time and condition after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as, as long as, if, unless, on condition that, provided

 

Ex. 1. Underline the correct word or phrase in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. He learns English now/recently. 2. Ann plays computer games all this month/all the time. 3. He is listening to music at night forever/all the timel 4. She is currently/for long wearing jeans. 5. He always plays tennis until/since seven in the evening. 6. She is not doing well at school these days/so far this year 7. He is feeling pretty tired lately/at present. 8. The salad tastes much better now/presently. What have you put into it? 9. The weather used to be bad, but it's getting much better soon/now. 10. She normally/previously communicates with her colleagues by e-mail

Ex 2. Translate the following using Present Simple:

1. ? - . 2. , . 3. , ? - . 4. , . 5. ? - , 6. , , . 7. . 8. - , '. 9. , . 10. ³ . 11 , . 12. , . 13. . 14. ͳ . 15. . 16. . 17. ' , . 18. , . 19. ³ , . 20. ? - . 21. .

 

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: 1) Find out with your neighbor what personal traits, interests or hobbies you have in common. What tense did you use most often while doing so? Why?

2) Think of a famous person (sportsman, actor, politician, etc.) Let your groupmates ask you yes/no questions (20 is maximum) in order to guess who this is.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 3-5, pp.6-7 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

 

 

TOPIC 3. Present Continuous

The Present Continuous Tense is used to denote:

temporary situations

actions happening now

fixed arrangements in the near future

a certain state or quality peculiar to the person at a given moment

one action out of two ones which is in progress and the other, a habitual one must be used in Present Simple

an action thought as a continual process with an element of exaggeration

Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous:

a Stuart 1) (run) his own photography business. He really 2) (enjoy) his work as it is also his favourite pastime. Usually, he 3) (work) at his shop, where he 4) (sell) all kinds of photographic equipment. This afternoon, he 5)(take) photographs of his friend's wedding. Next week, Stuart 6) (fly) to Australia to take some wildlife photographs.

b Tracy is a stewardess She 1) (wear) uniform at work. On her day off, however, she 2 (dress) in casually elegant way. She 3 (prefer) to wear designer jeans and pullover with colourful scarve wrapped around her neck But tomorrow she 4 (go) to a dinner party so she 5) (plan) to wear something more formal.

Ex. 2. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1.1 don't know where John is coming from/comes from, but he is not British. 2. Ann is not working/works at a bank, she is working/works at a post office. 3. She is not liking/does not like coffee, she is preferring/prefers tea. 4. Bob is feeding/feeds his ducks every day. 5. He has not started learning English yet, but he is thinking/thinks about it. 6. Buy the child an ice cream; she is looking/looks at it so! 7. All right, break for tea if you must. I am hoping/hope you know what you are doing/do. 8. How shall I recognize him? Is/does he wearing/wear a beard or mustache? 9. Are /Do all dogs chasing/chase cats? 10. She often rides/is riding a horse, does not/is not she?

 

Stative Verbs

Some verbs don't express action but condition and state that we do not expect to change. They're called stative verbs, which most commonly occur in the Present Simple and are used to express:

descriptions: e.g. to be, resemble, look like, consist of etc.

possession and relationship: e.g. to have, possess, own, belong to, owe ( , ; )

measurements: e.g. to weigh, equal, cost

senses and physical sensations: e.g. to feel, hurt, taste

emotions and attitudes: e.g. to love, value, prefer

ideas: to know, think, understand

 

Ex.3. Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous, then explain the meaning of each verb:

This food (taste) delicious.

Mother (taste) the sauce to see if it needs more salt.

I (think) I'll buy the black dress, not the red one.

She (think) of going to study abroad.

The Smiths (have) a cottage in the mountains.

Susan (have) dinner with her cousin Helen tonight.

After a short walk through the park, he always (feel) relaxed and cheerful.

I (feel) in my pocket for my keys.

Tom (see) the company director in a few minutes.

When I open my bedroom window every morning, I (see) the tall cypress tree in the garden.

Ex. 4. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. They are weighing/weigh the boxers. This one is weighing/weighs over two hundred pounds. 2. Every Saturday they are going out/ go out to have dinner at a small restaurant. 3. He's put on so much weight that has to buy a new suit. The old one isn 't fitting/doesn 'tfit any more. 4. Summer is coming/comes, the weather is getting warmer/gets warm, and we are thinking/think about swimming suits. 5. I understand you are busy on weekdays, but what are you doing/do you do at the weekends? Lets go out on Saturday. 6. Every year they are visiting/visit Paris to enjoy the charm of the city. 7. The soap operas are very long. Some are lasting/last for several years. 8. It's five o'clock. What is happening/happens at home now? 9. Are you recognizing/ Do you recognize her? She is playing/plays the part of Jane in that blockbuster comedy, you know! 10. Diana is feeling/feels awful about it. She is feeling/feels she was so wrong about him!

Ex. 5. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

1) I am thinking she is not right.

2) He has always been looking forward to hearing from her.

3) We are having an interesting class.

4) This suitcase is weighing a lot! I can't carry it.

5) Look! The child is tasting the pepper! Get it away at once!

6) He is feeling that she is wrong.

7) She was hearing some distant noise. Could it be a car?

8) Did you know that John is having a Cadillac?

9) Do you wait for me? - Actually, yes. Can we talk?

10) They are feeling in the dark, but have not found anything yet

Ex. 6. Translate using Present Simple or Continuous:

1. ' . . 2. ϳ . 3. ϳ . 4. 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. ? - . 9. - '? - ͳ, . 10. . - . 11. ̳ . 12. ? -, . 13. . 14. -? 4 . 5. , . 16. ? , . 17. 볿. 18. . 19. , 7 . . 20. . 21. , , . 22. , . 23. . 24. . 25. , 40 .

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: 1) Think of some activity, then go in front of the group and act it out, letting your groupmates guess what youre doing.

2) Think of the things that members of your family/your friends are doing at the moment. Share them with your groupmates.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 10-11, p.14 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

 

 

TOPIC 4. Past Simple

The Past Simple Tense is used to denote:

an action performed at a definite time which is already over and cutt off from the present

a succession of actions in the past: e.g. He threw down the spade and entered the house.

repeated actions in the past: e.g. He made an entry in his diary every day

Repeated actions in the past are often expressed by used to + Infinitive or would + Infinitive,

the first being more colloquial. Sometimes used to does not denote repeated actions, but actions characterizing a person or actions or states which lasted a long time: e.g Jane used to like the rain

or e.g.There used to be an old oak-tree near the house.

to talk about the lives of people who are no longer alive: e.g. Marilyn Monroe starred in a number of successful films.

Ex. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. The ice cream tasted/was tasting strange. 2. He watched/was watching TV at six. 3. They had/were having breakfast already. 4. He started/was starting translating the article at 10. 5. It rained/was raining when she got out. 6. She heard/was hearing some music. 7. They believed/ were believing it could be done. 8. She came/was coming home at six. 9. The weather got/was getting better as she got off the train. 10. She hated/was hating to be late.

Ex. 2. In each sentence decide whether on or both alternative verb forms given are appropriate. Explain your choice:

1. Paul used to/would own a Mercedes then.

2.Rachel used to/would play tennis at the weekends then.

3. Stephen used to/would like going to the disco.

4. Tina never used to/would like going to the library.

5. Victor used to/would translate a lot then, but everything changed in a while.

6. They used to/would taste all the dishes before taking them to the guests.

7. She used to/would feel when the children were not telling the truth.

8. They used to/would get up late on Sunday in their childhood.

9. She was nice, but she used to/would talk about nothing but herself all the time.

10.He used to/would come every week, but then he got married.

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 10 . 11. ' . 12. . 13. . 14. 15 . 15. 16 10 . 16. ? 17. ? 18. ? 19. . 20. ³ . 21. . 22. 1992 1997 . 23. ?24. . 25. .

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES:1) Work in pairs as a police officer and the witness of a crime. The officer interviews the witness in order to know the appearance of the criminal who has left the crime scene.

2) Work in pairs. Your neighbor writes 5 descriptive adjectives on a piece of paper, and you have to make a story of what happened to you yesterday using those.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 10-12, pp.56-59 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

 

TOPIC 5. Past Continuous

The Past Continuous Tense is used for:

an action which was in progess at a stated time in the past or when another action interrupted it: e.g It was twelve and he was still sittting when a guest was announced.

for two or more simultaneous past actions: e.g She was watching TV while her mother was knitting socks.

to describe the atmosphere, the setting( ) in the introduction to a story: e.g.It was rainig hard, the wind was blowing, she was quickly walking home when suddenly she heard some steps behind

. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. She studied/was studying in England last year. 2. He still worked/was working at seven. 3. They belonged/were belonging to the same group. 4. He doubted/was doubting that she would come. 5. The structure consisted/were consisting of several blocks. 6. The sofa did not fit/was not fitting into the corner. 7. They knew/were knowing what was going to happen next. 8. It did not matter/was not mattering in that situation. 9. The weather seemed/was seeming to change for better. 10. She did not suspect/was not suspecting anybody. Why should she?

Ex. 2. Underline the correct word or phrase in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. She managed to see him as/while she was passing by. 2. At that time/the moment she came in, everybody started cheering. 3. They had their breakfast half an hour after/later their arrival. 4. He always called her by the time/whenever he arrived in town. 5. She was writing while/when he was reading. 6. They were traveling by train while/when he decided to leave. 7. They could not afford a car until/up to 2004. 8. We were finishing the preparations while/when the e-mail message came. 9. The weather was changing while/when the situation was not. 10. They were making grand plans as/while the new law was adopted.

Ex 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Continuous:

Many years ago, while I (1) (travel) through Europe by train, I (2) (have) the chance to visit most of the major European capitals and admire the fantastic scenery. One day, as the train (3) (pass) through the French countryside it suddenly (4) (stop) at a small picturesque village because of engine problems. While we (5) (wait) for the train to be repaired, we (6) (get off) to do some sightseeing for a couple of hours. I (7) (go) to a cosy restaurant where I (8) (enjoy) some wonderful local cuisine and (9) (taste) some exquisite French wine. In the end, I (10)
(not/mind) the delay at all!

Ex. 4. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

0. She was believing in Santa Claus.

1. They were having a good time at the party.

2. The box was containing several very interesting dictionaries.

3. The students were seeing their friends off to the station.

4. The guests were just appearing on the stage.

5. She is appearing to have some problems.

6. They were so close. Everybody was seeing them.

7. They were looking like American Indians in appearance.

8. We were hearing them - every word they said.

9. She was realizing that something was funny, but she was not understanding what it was.

10. He is having several companies specializing in computer business.

Ex 5. Translate the following:

1. ij . 2. , . 3. . 4. ³ . 5. . 6. . 7. ϳ , . 8. . 9. . 10. ' . 11. ' . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. , . 16. ³ . 17. ' . 18. . 19. , . 20. . 21. , 5 . 22. , . 23. . 24. . 25. .

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: Remember what was going on around you this morning while you were going to the University.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 22-23, pp.69-70 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

 

TOPIC 6. Present Perfect

The Present Perfect Tense is used to denote:

a completed action connected with the present: e.g. Stop that car! They have killed a child!

personal experience and changes: e.g. I think I have put on weight.

recently completed action: e.g. He has done a great deal of work of late.

emphasis on number: e.g. He has already read 200 pages of individual reading!

an action one has done for the first time: e.g.This is the first time she has cooked this dish.

. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. What were/have been your impressions of Pisa? Didyou stay/have you stayed/ have you been staying there for a long time?

2. Do you mean he traveled/has traveled / has beentraveling illegally all this time?

3. Do you know that my cousin sent/has sent/ has beensending me e-mal messages asking for money?

4. What did you do/has done/were doing / have been doing since you left/ have left/ have been leaving?

5. She looks fine. She had/has had/ has been having her seaside holiday for the last week and did not do any work/has not done any work/has not been doing any work all this time.

6. Why did not you write/haven't you writfen/haven you been writing about the new book? I handed in/have handed in /have been handing in my essay without it.

7. How long did you learn/have you learned/ have you been learning English? And did you take/have you taken/have you been taking any international tests yet?

8. It was/has been long since she was/has been here. What was happening/has happened/has been happening here lately?

9. Does she remember she did not see/has not seen the boss yet? He waited/has waited/has been waiting for half an hour already.

10.1 don't believe it. She did/has done/has been doing two tests already. But she got/has got/ has been getting them only half an hour ago!

Ex. 2. Decide how many endings (a-j) from the box you can find for sentences (1-10) below:

 

a) all life b) for a while c) for the time being d) lately e) for the past hour f) long g) so far h) till nine o'clock i) time and again j) yet

 

1. She has made up her mind to delay it

2. He has not been doing too well at his school

3. They have stayed here_____

4. She went to see her friend_

5. The operator worked______

6. They have not finished their work

7. She has been waiting here

8. He has told her about it

9. She has done three translation

10.He stood in front of the post office building

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. . 2. , ? 3. . 4. . ij . 5. ³ . 6. ? 7. . 8. , ? 9. . 10. . 11. . J12. . 13. , , , . 14. , . 15. 16. , . 17. ? 18. , , . 19. ? 20. ³ , . 21. . 22. , . 23. , . 24. ˳ . 25. .

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: You are a CIA agent. Write a criminal record for one of the most dangerous terrorists (bank robbers) in the world, including all the crimes he/she has already commited.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 8-9, pp.46-47 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

 





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