.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


.




, 2 ↔ ++ ͖.


-
:


= [ H


+] ×[ OH


] = 1,8 1016 (220).


[ H 2 O ]

[2] , : |2] = [+] [͖] =1,8 1016.

1000 = 55,56 /.

[ -] [H+] = 1,8 10 -16 55,56 = 110 -14=W.

- . [+] = [͖] = 10-7 /,

[H+] >[͖], [+]< [͖].

(22 0) 10 -14 /.

(, ) , , .

=-lg[H+]. : < 7, > 7, =7.

 

: a) [H+] = 104 /. [-].

-14


. [OH-]= 10

10- 4


=10-10


/;


) 0,01 ( 100%).


↔ ++ -; [- ] =0,01 = 102 /;

-14


[H+]=


10- 2


=10-12


/; =-lg[H+] = -lg[1012] = 12,


.

 

, . . .

, :

) (Na2CO3, K2S, K2SO3, .);

) (NH4C1, Zn(NO3)2 .);

) ((NH4)2 S,

12(3)3 .).

, , (K2SO4, NaNO3, NaCl, KNO3). : ( ), , , .

.

 

. 23


1- 2-


+HOH ↔HCO -


+ -

 

 


( )


2 + + 2-+ ↔2+ + - + ͖

3 3

( ) 23+ ↔ 3 +

( )


2- -


+ ↔ 23 + ͖


 
+ - + ↔ 23++ + ͖

3 + ↔ 23 +

, , , , 7.

 

. 113

1- 13+ + ↔ 12+ + +

( )

Al3+ +3C1 + ↔ l2+ + 21 + H+ +l

( ) 113+ ↔ lO12 + 1

( )

 
2- lO2+ + ↔1() + +H+

 
lO2+ + 21 + ↔ 1() ++↑1 +H++l

112 + ↔ 1()21 + 1

3- 1()3 , ( 1()3 ). , , .

, 7.

 

. NH4CH3COO


 
NH +


+ 3Ζ + ↔ NH4OH + 3


( )

NH4CH3COO + HOH ↔ NH4OH + 3

( )

(3) (NH4OH). [H+] [-] . 7. , , .

 

 

. (NH4)2S


 
1- NH +


+S2- + ↔ NH4OH + HS-


( )


 
2NH +


+S2-+ ↔ NH4OH + NH +


+HS-


 
( ) (NH4)2S +HOH ↔ NH4OH + NH4HS

( )


 
2- NH +


+ HS- +HOH ↔ NH4 OH + H2S


( ) NH4HS + ↔ NH4OH + H2S

( )

 





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