, 2 ↔ ++ ͖.
|
= [ H
+] ×[ OH
] = 1,8 1016 (220).
[ H 2 O ]
[2] , : |2] = [+] [͖] =1,8 1016.
1000 = 55,56 /.
[ -] [H+] = 1,8 10 -16 55,56 = 110 -14=W.
- . [+] = [͖] = 10-7 /,
[H+] >[͖], [+]< [͖].
(22 0) 10 -14 /.
(, ) , , .
=-lg[H+]. : < 7, > 7, =7.
: a) [H+] = 104 /. [-].
-14
. [OH-]= 10
10- 4
=10-10
/;
) 0,01 ( 100%).
↔ ++ -; [- ] =0,01 = 102 /;
-14
[H+]=
10- 2
=10-12
/; =-lg[H+] = -lg[1012] = 12,
.
, . . .
, :
) (Na2CO3, K2S, K2SO3, .);
) (NH4C1, Zn(NO3)2 .);
) ((NH4)2 S,
12(3)3 .).
, , (K2SO4, NaNO3, NaCl, KNO3). : ( ), , , .
.
. 23
1- 2-
+HOH ↔HCO -
+ -
( )
2 + + 2-+ ↔2+ + - + ͖
3 3
( ) 23+ ↔ 3 +
( )
2- -
+ ↔ 23 + ͖
|
|
3 + ↔ 23 +
, , , , 7.
. 113
1- 13+ + ↔ 12+ + +
( )
Al3+ +3C1 + ↔ l2+ + 21 + H+ +l
( ) 113+ ↔ lO12 + 1
( )
112 + ↔ 1()21 + 1
3- 1()3 , ( 1()3 ). , , .
, 7.
. NH4CH3COO
+ 3Ζ + ↔ NH4OH + 3
( )
NH4CH3COO + HOH ↔ NH4OH + 3
( )
(3) (NH4OH). [H+] [-] . 7. , , .
. (NH4)2S
+S2- + ↔ NH4OH + HS-
( )
+S2-+ ↔ NH4OH + NH +
+HS-
( )
+ HS- +HOH ↔ NH4 OH + H2S
( ) NH4HS + ↔ NH4OH + H2S
( )