1. . . , , ( ), , . .
, . .
. , . . . . .
. , .
. . . . . . . : , . . .
, . , . . . . . . . -. .
, , , .
, . , . , . , , , , . .
, , . , . , . , , . , .
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. : .: .
: , .. , , .
: , .. , .
∆U = 0. | (1.1) |
∆U Q W . , :
Q = ∆U + W. | (1.2) |
( ). ∆U, Q W (1.2) , . , , , , .
(1.2) ( ):
δQ = dU + δW. | (1.3) |
, ,
Q W = ∆U | (1.4 ) | |
δQ δW = dU. | (1.4 ) |
. :
ν + ν + = νLL + νMM + , | (1.5) |
νi ; , , L, M .
, , , .. , (1.3)
δW = dV, | (1.6) | |
δQ = dU + dV. | (1.7) |
. (V = const, dV = 0) (1.7)
δQ = dU. | (1.8) |
:
Q = U2 U1 = ∆U. | (1.9) |
Qv.
Qv = ∆U, | (1.10) |
δQv = dU. (1.11)
Q = U2 U1 = ∆U. | (1.11) |
, .
( = const), (1.7)
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Q = (U2 + V2) (U1+ V1). | (1.12) |
,
H = U + V. | (1.13) |
, , ( pV ). (1.12) (1.13)
Q = H2 H1 = ∆H. | (1.14) |
Qp.
Qp = ∆H, | (1.15) |
δQp = dH. | (1.16) |
, .
:
∆H = ∆U + ΔV | (1.17) |
, , PV = nRT, ΔV == Δ nRT, (1.17)
∆H = ∆U + ΔnRT | (1.18) |
(1.10) (1.15) , : , , , .. , . .. .
. , , , , . .
, , . , . , - , , , , . , , .
(∆rH ) ( r reaction) .
() (∆fH ) ( f formation) , , 101325 298 .
H2() + ½O2() = 2 () ∆rH = 286,02 /.
∆fH (2()) = ∆rH = 286,02 /.
(N2,O2,H2 .) .
. .
() (∆cH ) ( combustion) c .
2(), 2(), N2(), 12(), SO2() .. 2() 2() . , 2(), 2(), SO2() (), 2(), S ()
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() + 2 () = 2() ∆rH = 393,7 /.
∆fH (2()) = ∆rH = 393,7 /.
.
1. ( ):
∆rH = ∑ν ∆fH ∑ν ∆fH . | (1.19) |
2. ( ):
∆rH = ∑νi ∆H ∑νj ∆H . | (1.20) |
.
唖 , , , , , . ,
() + 2() = 2() ∆rH = 172,58 /,
() + 2() = 2() + 172,58 /.
, (∆rH < 0) , (∆rH > 0) .
298 . , . ,
(d∆rH / d)p = ∆r; | (1.21) | |
(d∆rU/ d)v = ∆rv, | (1.22) |
, ∆r ∆rv (, v) , .
∆r = ∑ν 298 ∑ν 298 . | (1.23) |