Форма глагола - сказуемого в страдательном залоге (см. Units 10, 11) образуется следующим образом:
to be + Participle II
В английском языке существуют так же конструкции в страдательном залоге:
Present Infinitive: eg. My car needs to be serviced soon.
Мою машину скоро нужно ремонтировать.
Perfect Infinitive: eg. Му сar should have been serviced last month.
Мою машину нужно было отремонтировать в
прошлом месяце.
-ing form: eg. I insist on my car being serviced today.
Я настаиваю, чтобы мою машину отремонтировали
сегодня.
Modals: eg. My car must be serviced before the weekend.
Моя машина должна быть отремонтирована до
выходных.
Exercise. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, используя конструкции в страдательном залоге.
1. She must write all the letters till tomorrow morning.
2. They were to send the documents yesterday but they didn’t.
3. I dream to paint my car red.
4. They can pass the exams without bad marks.
5. It is necessary to install this equipment as soon as possible.
GLONASS
Найдите в словаре и запишите в тетрадь транскрипцию данных слов. Прочитайте их вслух несколько раз.
Government, alternative, Chinese, European, ascending, roughly, equator, sidereal, weight, cesium.
Words to be learnt
to complete- завершать, выполнять
to fall into disrepair- прийти в негодность
spares- запчасти
ascending node- восходящий узел
approximately- примерно, приблизительно
displacement- перемещение, смещение
altitude- высота над уровнем моря
latitude- широта (геогр.)
substantially- существенно, в значительной мере; главным образом
span- объем, размах, диапазон
aft- хвостовая часть
payload- полезная нагрузка
array- многовибраторная сложная антенна
booster- ракета- носитель; стартовый двигатель
to make use of- использовать
to undertake- предпринимать
Text
GLONASS (GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema; "GLObal NAvigation Satellite System" in English) is a radio-based satellite navigation system, developed by the former Soviet Union and now operated for the Russian government by the Russian Space Forces. It is an alternative and complementary to the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Chinese Compass navigation system, and the planned Galileo positioning system of the European Union (EU).
Development on the GLONASS began in 1976, with a goal of global coverage by 1991. Beginning from 12 October 1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to the system until the constellation was completed in 1995. Following completion, the system rapidly fell into disrepair with the collapse of the Russian economy. Beginning from 2001, Russia committed to restoring the system, and in recent years has diversified, introducing the Indian government as a partner, and accelerated the program with a goal of restoring global coverage by 2009.
GLONASS was developed to provide real-time position and velocity determination, initially for use by the Soviet military for navigation and ballistic missile targeting. It was the Soviet Union's second generation satellite navigation system, improving on the Tsiklon system which required one to two hours of signal processing to calculate a location with high accuracy. By contrast, once a GLONASS receiver is tracking the satellite signals, a position fix is available instantly. It is stated that at peak efficiency the system's standard positioning and timing service provide horizontal positioning accuracy within 57–70 meters, vertical positioning within 70 meters, velocity vector measuring within 15 cm/s, and time transfer within 1 µs (all within 99.7% probability).
A fully operational GLONASS constellation consists of 24 satellites, with 21 used for transmitting signals and three for on-orbit spares, deployed in three orbital planes. The three orbital planes' ascending nodes are separated by 120° with each
plane containing eight equally spaced satellites. The orbits are roughly circular, with an inclination of about 64.8°, and orbit the Earth at an altitude of 19,100 km (11,868 mi), which yields an orbital period of approximately 11 hours, 15 minutes. The planes themselves have a latitude displacement of 15°, which results in the satellites crossing the equator one at a time, instead of three at once. The overall arrangement is such that, if the constellation is fully populated, a minimum of five satellites are in view from any given point at any given time.
Over the three decades of development, the satellites themselves have gone through numerous revisions, separated here as generations. The name of each satellite was Uragan (English: hurricane), followed either by a number for operational satellites or by an acronym GVM (Russian: габаритно-весовой макет; English: size weight dummy) for test satellites.
The true first generation of Uragan (also called Glonass) satellites were all 3-axis stabilized vehicles, generally weighing 1,250 kg and were equipped with a modest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. Over time they were divided into Block IIa, IIb, and IIv vehicles, with each block containing evolutionary improvements.Six Block IIa satellites were launched in 1985–1986 with improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency stability. These spacecraft also demonstrated a 16-month average operational lifetime. Block IIb spacecraft, with a 2-year design lifetimes, appeared in 1987, of which a total of 12 were launched, but half were lost in launch vehicle accidents.
The second generation of satellites, known as Uragan-M (also called Glonass-M), were developed beginning in 1990 and first launched in 2001.These satellites possess a substantially increased lifetime of seven years and weigh slightly more at 1,480 kg. They are approximately 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) in diameter and 3.7 m (12 ft) high, with a solar array span of 7.2 m (24 ft) for an electrical power generation capability of 1600 watts at launch. The aft payload structure houses 12 primary antennas for L-band transmissions. Laser corner-cube reflectors are also carried to aid in precise orbit determination and geodetic research. On-board cesium clocks provide the local clock source.A total of fourteen second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2007.
The third generation satellites are known as Uragan-K (also called Glonass-K) spacecraft. These satellites are designed with a lifetime of 10 to 12 years, a reduced weight of only 750 kg, and offer an additional L-Band navigational signal. As with
the previous satellites, these are 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing with dual solar arrays. They will enter service in 2009.Due to their weight reduction, Uragan-K spacecraft can be launched in pairs from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome launch site using the substantially lower cost Soyuz-2 boosters or in six-at-once from the Baikonur Cosmodrome using Proton-K Briz-M launch vehicles.
The ground control segment of GLONASS is entirely located within former Soviet Union territory. The Ground Control Center and Time Standards are located in Moscow and the telemetry and tracking stations are in Saint Petersburg, Ternopol, Eniseisk, Komsomolsk-na-Amure.Septentrio, Topcon, JAVAD, Magellan Navigation, Novatel, Leica Geosystems and Trimble Inc produce GNSS receivers making use of GLONASS. NPO Progress describes a receiver called "GALS-A1" which combines GPS and GLONASS reception. SkyWave Mobile Communications manufactures an Inmarsat-based satellite communications terminal that uses both GLONASS and GPS.
With GLONASS falling rapidly into disrepair, a special-purpose federal program named "Global Navigation System" was undertaken by the Russian government on August 20, 2001. According to it, the GLONASS system was to be restored to fully deployed status (i.e. 24 satellites in orbit and continuous global coverage) by 2011.
Задание I. Задайте вопросы к предложениям, начиная их словами, предложенными в скобках.
1. GLONASS stands for GLObal NAvigation Satellite System. (What...for?)
2. GLONASS is a radio-based satellite navigation system. (What kind of…?)
3. The development of GLONASS began in 1976 in the Soviet Union. (When…?, Where…?)
4. Satellites constellation was completed in 1995. (When…?)
5. GLONASS was initially developed for the Soviet military navigation and ballistic missile targeting. (What …for?)
6. A fully operational GLONASS constellation consists of 24 satellites. (How many…?)
7. The name of each satellite of the system is Uragan. (What…?)
8. There are three generations of GLONASS satellites: Uragan, Uragan-M and Uragan-K. (How many…?)
9. The ground control segment of GLONASS is located within former Soviet Union territory. (Where…?)
10. According to the special- purpose federal program the GLONASS system is to be restored to fully deployed status by 2011. (When…?)
Задание II. a) Задайте составленные вами вопросы в группе.
b) Используя эти вопросы в качестве плана, расскажите о
GLONASS
Unit 25.
Grammar Revision
Условные предложения
