Bridge: Bridge ADSL- - . ( ) , - 1 .
:
.
:
( , ).
.
Router: , ( ).
:
.
, , , .
:
/ , .
43) IP .
44) ³
, , , . , , , , .
, , , . , , , ( ).
. -, , . ( ) , . -, , .
45) IPv4.
IPv4 (. Internet Protocol version 4) IP-, .
IPv4 32- () , 4 294 967 296 (232) .
|
|
|
IP- (IPv4) ( 0 255), , , 192.168.0.1. ( 128.10.2.30
46) . , , ppp
. . :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
47)
48) RIP OSPF
49) . 802.3 802.5
(. Data Link layer) OSI, , .
, . .
IEEE 802.x OSI - . , .
802.3 - 802.5 MAC LLC:
802.3 (Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection - CSMA/CD), Ethernet;
802.4 (Token bus network), - ArcNet;
802.5 (Token ring network), - Token Ring.
, ( , ), , .
50) 䳿 . . .
, .
: TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS/SMB, DECnet SNA. ( , SNA) , .
51) ep Windows XP\2003. pp
Windows XP :
.
. Windows XP . , . (Device Manager) .
|
|
|
. , . , (Indexing Service) ,
. . , , . , PING (Packet Internet Groper - ), .
52) IP v6.
53) ep Windows NT. ̳ .
Windows NT , . , . . NT . , (HAL), (Executives), (Kernel-mode drivers) (User-mode drivers)
Windows NT , / /. : ( , ) ( ). . .
Windows NT, , - . Windows NT , , NT executive. , . , . Windows NT. Windows NT , . Win32, OS/2 POSIX. Win32 32- Windows . , .
54) pp p (HDLC, Ethernet)
HDLC, FD:
FCS
8 8 8 16 0 , 8 16 8
FD , 01111110, HDLC-, . HDLC- . ( ) .
-. HDLC (10000000) (11000000).
|
|
|
1 2 . . : 0 , 10 , 11 . P/F, - - -. , - - - P -, F.
- IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet, , . .
FCS (Frame Check Sequence) , . Ÿ X16+X12+X5+1 (CRC-16) CCITT V.41. 16 , 99,9984 % . FCS , , . . FCS . -.
I- ( , ) .
S- () . ,
U- , .
Ethernet
, , , . Ethernet 802.3 IEEE.
72 1526 , .2.
.2. Ethernet
- .
.
SFD (Start-Frame Delimiter) - , . SFD
.
- - , .
- - , .
55) Ethernet. p, , 㳿.
Ethernet (, . aether ) .
Ethernet , OSI. Ethernet IEEE 802.3. Ethernet 90- , , Arcnet, FDDI Token ring.
|
|
|
(Ethernet v1.0 Ethernet v2.0) , , . (CSMA/CD, Carrier Sense Multiply Access with Collision Detection), 10 /, 72 1526 , . 1024 .
Ethernet
. .
1995 IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet 100 /, IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet 1000 /. .
56) Ethernet 100 Mbps, 1Gbps:: , , ,
Fast Ethernet (100BASE-T) , 100 /, Ethernet (10 /).
100BASE-T 100 (328 ). , 100BASE-TX () , 100 / (). 
- , ,
1000BASE-T, IEEE 802.3ab Ethernet 1 /. 5e 6. 4 . 250 / .
1000BASE-TX, Ethernet 1 /, 6. .
1000Base-X Ethernet, , 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX 1000BASE-CX.
1000BASE-SX, IEEE 802.3z 1 / Ethernet , 550 .
1000BASE-LX, IEEE 802.3z 1 / Ethernet , 550 . , ( 10 ).
1000BASE-CX Ethernet ( 25 ), ( (STP)) 150 . 1000BASE-T, .
1000BASE-LH (Long Haul) 1 / Ethernet , , 100 .
57) Ethernet 1Gbps, 10Gbps:: , , ,
58) .
, , , :
- - , ;
- ;
- - ;
- .
, :
o (VPN);
o ;
o ;
o (IDS/IPS);
o ;
o (Antivirus/Antispam);
o .
, . , , . .
|
|
|
.
, . , .
59) . .
: ISO (International Organization for Standardization, ISO), IEEE
60) .
. NetBIOS "" , . , ( , ), . , Internet, (Domain Name. System, DNS).
61) DNS, ARP, WINS.
ARP (. Address Resolution Protocol ) , MAC- IP-. IP, Ethernet, 100 % ARP. Ethernet, ARP, , -. ARP , ARP. : - , IP-? IP- , : , IP-. : ARP .
WINS (. Windows Internet Name Service - Windows Internet) c NetBIOS- IP- . WINS (Windows Internet Name Service) NetBIOS . WINS NetBIOS IP- , NetBIOS . WINS NetBIOS , NetBIOS TCP/IP.
62) , , -
, . : ( ). , : , ( ) . , , .
-:
IPv4/IPv6, Internet Protocol
DVMRP, Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
ARP, Address Resolution Protocol
ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol
IPX, Internetwork Packet Exchange
RIP, Routing Information Protocol
DDP, Datagram Delivery Protocol
. , .
, , . , . , . Ethernet (), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), HDLC ADCCP - ().
, , , . , .
63) , .
- , , , . :
1) () TV, ;
2) ( );
3) () .
() . :
) ;
) .
. . . ( 1, , 0 ). .
:
1) ;
2) .
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
, , .
. . , . .
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
:
1) .
64) .
65) 㳿
66) WI-FI WI-MAX: , , , .
67) 㳿 PON
:
68) 㳿 GPON, EPON, GEPON, 10GEPON.
GPON PON. GEPON IEEE. GPON , , ATM TDM .
GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) PON , ( 1,2 /). GEPON , - . , 64 20 - .
GEPON :
802.3ah, ;
1 /c ;
QoS 802.1p/TOS. . VoIP VoD ;
64 PON ;
DBA (Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation) PON. , , , 1/ 1/, PON ( UBR ATM);
(IGMP Snooping);
.
69)
70) Clouding computing ( ).
71) * : .
