( (, /c, bps, cps, /, /)
(, /c, bps, cps, /, /)
LAN
1, 2, 8, 10, 16, 20 /
100 \
1Gbps, 10Gbps
WLAN
Blue Tooth 10 \
Wi-Fi 100 \
Wi-MAX 100 \
WAN
64, 128,144 \ (ISDN, X.25)
256 \,512 \, 2, 5,10, 20, 45 \ (xDSL, Frame Relay)
672.5 \, 2,4 (ATM), 10 Gbps (Ethernet); 45, 100 Gbps (in Future Ethernet)
: 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 28800, 33600, 56000
bps ( = (1200-3000 bod))
( 64/, 128 /, 256/, 1,0/, 5/., 10/)
64/, 128 /, 256/, 1,0/, 5/., 10/
:
() (, , );
() (, , ).
2) ( ). DHCP .
Internet. ( ), . , , , .
Internet , Internet.
DHCP- IP- , TCP/IP. , DHCP-, , DNS-, WINS- .
DHCP (. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , IP- , TCP/IP. -. - DHCP, . , . . DHCP TCP/IP.
DHCP : , . IP-, DHCP , .
|
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, UDP IP. DHCP-, - IP-, .. , , , , <> , .
3) . ,
4) . .
,
ֲ
ֲ .
:
- p p Hayes (-Z - );
- p pp Hayes & A-A-&Z - , % A-A-%Z, /
A-A-/Z -;
- S- Pp S0 - S20 (S0 - S99);
- 0- 0- 99.
AT- . AT ( At, a, at) <CR>. ( .)
p :
ATDP,
ATDT -Ds - .
- , P - .
.
( ).
- .
ϳ ( )
.
5)
6) SLIP
SLIP
7) 㳿 LAN.
- , .
㳿 , : Ethernet, Token-ring, Arcnet, FDDI.
㳿 Ieee802.3/ethernet
. , . Ethernet ( ). Ethernet, , .
Ethernet 㳿 , CSMA/CD.
8) .
: (circuit switching), (packet switching) (message switching).
, - .
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. - , . , .
, . - .
:
- (Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM);
- (Time Division Multiplexing, TDM).
9) 㳿 WAN.
TCP/IP, SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM Frame relay. X.25, Frame relay.
, . . , , ( ) , , , . , .
10) HDLC : ѳ, , ,
11) . p
, , : . .
, . , , . , , , , , .
. - , . , . , , LANtastic, Personal Ware, Windows for Workgroup, Windows NT Workstation.
: , , , , , , , , , . , - .
, , .
|
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, , .
, , , , , : - , , . , , - . , ( ) ( ).
12) . 㳿 , GRID, Cloud Computing.
13) Ethernet.
Ethernet
, , , . Ethernet 802.3 IEEE.
72 1526 , .2.
.2. Ethernet
- .
.
SFD (Start-Frame Delimiter) - , . SFD
.
- - , .
- - , .
Ethernet
Ethernet . . 1.3 . 1.4. 10Base-2, 10Base-, 100Base-X, 100Base-FX , (. 1.3). , , , . 1.3.
1.3 Ethernet
(. 1.4, 1.5). .
1.4 Ethernet 802.3, 802.2
1.5 Ethernet DIX, SNAP
1. IEE802.3.
: 8, ( ) 14 , 4, 46 , 1500 . , 26 . tF=9.6 10Base-x, t F =0.96 100Base-x.
14) ѳ HDLC HDLC
15) Frame Relay: , , , .
16) . DVA, LSA.
17) . .
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18) DSL. DSL: , , , .
DSL , .
19) ,
20) ISDN: , , ,
ISDN (. Integrated Services Digital Network) . .
ISDN 64 / (, , .). : .
ISDN TDM
21) .
(. Transport layer) 4- OSI , , . , , , . , , , . -. : TCP, UDP, SCTP.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ( ) , TCP/IP.
TCP , , , , (. T/TCP). UDP .
TCP, , , TCP .
, TCP , , -. TCP . TCP. TCP , , .
UDP (. User Datagram Protocol ) IP . OSI
TCP, UDP , . UDP Unreliable Datagram Protocol ( ). , , , , ..
SCTP (. Stream Control Transmission Protocol ), , 2000 IETF. RFC 4960 , RFC 3286 .
, SCTP TCP UDP [1]. , SCTP , , SYN-flood , (multi-homing).
22) .
. .. :
|
|
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
(repeater) , . , . , . , , .
(bridge) ( ) , , . , .
(router) ; , , , . : , , ; , . .
(gateway) , , OSI ; OSI. , .
, , , .
23) .
-, . , , , , .
, .
- , . . , , .
OSI. , . , , - , .
. , , . OST, . OSI. . . :
ISO/OSI;
IBM System Network Architecture (SNA);
Digital DECnet;
Novell NetWare;
Apple AppleTalk;
, TCP/IP.
Ethernet
Token ring
FDDI
HDLC
GVRP
PPP, PPTP, L2TP
ATM
xDSL
ICMP
IPv4, IPv6
IPX
ARP
SPX
XOT
ISODE
DVMRP
TCP
UDP (Unreliable/User Datagram Protocol)
SCTP
RDP/RUDP (Reliable Data Protocol/Reliable User Datagram Protocol)
RTCP
SSL
NetBIOS
binkp
DHCP ( OSI )
FTP
Finger
DNS
Gnutella
Gopher
HTTP
HTTPS
IMAP
IRC
XMPP
LDAP
NTP
NNTP
POP3
RDP
SSH
SMTP
Telnet
SNMP
SIP
DMX-512
24)
, .
. :
1) TCP/IP;
2) IPX/SPX;
3)NetBIOS;
4) OSI.
( ) Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI , . .
TCP/IP Internet, . : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, SLIP, PPP, X.25, ISON.
IPX/SPX (IPX Interwork Packed Exchange; SPX Sequenced Packed Exchange). , .
NetBIOS IBM, Microsoft. NetBEUI, SMB. , , 200 . , , , , .
25)
26) 䳿 . .
27) IP
28) TCP
29) TCP
30) TCP/IP, UDP
UDP (. User Datagram Protocol ) IP . OSI.
TCP, UDP , . UDP Unreliable Datagram Protocol ( ). , , , , ..
TCP/IP (. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ) DOD, . (. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.
31) ATM: , , ,
:
32) ,
. - .
, .
, , . Ethernet.
, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPRS.
, , , IP (Internet Protocol ), .
, . LAN:
;
;
;
..
. , . .
33)
34) NDIS Windows XP\2003.
NDIS (.. . Network Driver Interface Specification) - , Microsoft 3Com ..
35) .
- , () . .
:
- ;
- , " ", ;
- ( ), , .
() , . .
. " " (POST - Primitive Old Telephone System) . , .
. , . .
(twisted pair) , ( ), . . . : UTP STP.
(coaxial cable) - , , ( ). .
: 5 10 . , . , .
( )
( ) .
, . , - 50 . () , .
- .
36) .25
X.25 OSI. WAN , . . Frame Relay.
X.25 (Permanent Virtual Circuits, PVC Switched Virtual Circuits, SVC) , X.25- (Logical Channel Identifyer, LCI) (Logical Channel Number, LCN).
X.25 ,
37) ѳ \IP
TCP/IP (. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ) DOD, . (. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.
TCP/IP UDOD :
(application),
(transport),
(network),
(data link).
OSI. TCP/IP IP-. .
TCP/IP
ARP MAC , , IP . broadcast.
ICMP , .
IGMP multicast .
IP .
TCP , .
UDP , .
38) . .
- , , , . , .
FTP (. File Transfer Protocol ) , . FTP FTP, ; ,
:
39) ³
:
- ;
- ;
- .
. PPP, UNIX, Macintosh, Windows.
( ), .
, , . .
40) Ethernet
. , .
1. (Store and Forward). , , .
2. (cut-through). . , .
3. (fragment-free) . . ( 64 store-and-forward, cut-through).
() OSI. , Layer 3 Switch , L3 Switch. Web-, SNMP, RMON . .
: VLAN, QoS, , .
. , 4 24 90 ((4*24)-6=90) 96 ( ).
41) 㳿. ³ , 㳿.
42) .