| , қ | ұ ү ә ұқғ (ғ) | |||||
| (1 ғ) | (2 ғ) | (2 ғ) | Ө (2 ғ) | Ө (2 ғ) | ||
| 1. | қ ң қ | |||||
| 2. | ә қ | |||||
| ғ: 90 ғ | 10 . | 20 . | 4 . | 46 . |
2.9 Ұ ә:
:
:
2.9.1. . . .. . 1,2. ., , 2004, 320 .
2.9.2. .. . .: -., 2004, 444 .
2.9.3. . . .. .: , 2006, 638 .
2.9.4. .. . .: , 2003, 446 .
2.9.5. .. .. ., 2007, 224 .
2.9.6. .., . ., 2008, 204 .
2.9.7. . . .. , 2004, 444 .
2.9.8. .., .. . ., 2003, 544 .
2.9.9. .., .. . .:
, 2003, 256 .
2.9.10. .., . . ., 2003, 272 .
Қ:
2.9.1. ., . . .: , 1988, 1,2, 288 .
2.9.2. .. . , 2003, 478 .
2.9.3. .., .., .. . , 2003, 374 .
2.9.4. .. . -, , 2006, 640 .
2.9.5. . . .. .: , 2006, 392 .
2.9.6. .., .. . I,II. , 2006, 2007.
2.9.7. .., .. . ., 2005, 397 .
Ққ :
:
2.9.1. Қ .., .., ұ Қ.. қ . , 2002,
2.9.2. Ққ .Ө., Ә .. қ ә . , 2006.
2.9.3. қ .Ө., ұ Ұ. Ә. ә қ . ,
2009. 216 .
2.9.4. Ққ .Ө., .., қ . , 2008.
2.9.5. қ ә . .Ө. Ққң . , 2004,
444 .
Қ:
2.9.1. Әғ Қ.., ү Ә.Ө. қ . , 2009,??? .
2.9.2. ұ Қ.. ң ә . , 1990,??? .
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ғ :
2.9.1. Alberts et al: Molecular biology of the cell, Second edition, 2000, Garland, New York and London.
2.9.2. P.S. Verma, V. K. Agarwal. Cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, evolution and ecology,
2006, India.
2.9.3. Bringing science to life. USA. Mc Graw-Hill, Inc. 1991, 614 p.
2.9.4. T.A. Brown. Genetics a molecular approach. Chapman and Hall, 1990.
2.9.5. Selvam J. Biology. Deli, 1992.
2.9.6. Mange E.J., Mange A.P. Bsic Human Genetics Second Edition. 1998, 456 p.
| : | Kay words: |
| 1- | Lecture No. 1 |
| heredity | |
| biopolymers | |
| nucleic acids | |
| nucleotide | |
| DNA | |
| RNA | |
| purine | |
| pyrimidine | |
| pentose | |
| nucleoside | |
| Chargaff's rules | |
| gene | |
| protein | |
| enzyme | |
| polypeptide chain | |
| cistron | |
| Muton(moutun) | |
| recon | |
| regulatory sequence | |
| The coding region | |
| exon | |
| intron | |
| promoter | |
| operator | |
| Attenuator | |
| enhancer | |
| Silencer | |
| terminator | |
| modifier genes | |
| suppressor genes | |
| lethal genes | |
| sublethal genes | |
| neutral genes | |
| 2- | Lecture No. 2 |
| genetic information | |
| Kriks postulate | |
| General transfer | |
| specialized transfer | |
| replication | |
| replicon | |
| principles of replication | |
| replication fork | |
| leading chain | |
| remaining circuit | |
| Okazaki fragments | |
| transcription | |
| - | DNA polymerase |
| RNA polymerase | |
| RNA primers | |
| processing | |
| splicing | |
| alternative splicing | |
| - | translation |
| genetic code | |
| Property of the genetic code | |
| initiation elongation | |
| termination | |
| folding | |
| 3- | Lecture No. 3 |
| operon | |
| repressor | |
| inductor | |
| protein | |
| Structural genes | |
| enzymes | |
| Repressible system | |
| inducible system | |
| positive control | |
| negative control | |
| translational control | |
| Transcription | |
| 4- | Lecture No. 4 |
| nucleosome | |
| Nukleomera | |
| condensation | |
| decondensation | |
| chromatin | |
| chromanema | |
| chromatid | |
| chromosome | |
| classification of chromosomes | |
| karyotype | |
| Denver classification | |
| Paris classification | |
| 5- | Lecture No. 5 |
| Variability | |
| Genokopiya | |
| Fenokopiya | |
| Mutation | |
| Mutagens | |
| Mutational factor | |
| carcinogenic | |
| Kombinativ variability | |
| mutational variation | |
| Genomic mutations | |
| Gaploidiya | |
| Poliploidiya | |
| Geteroploidiya | |
| Monosomiya | |
| Trisomiya | |
| Nukleosomiya | |
| Polisomiya | |
| Chromosomal mutations | |
| Deletion | |
| Duplication | |
| Inversion | |
| Translocation | |
| Gene mutations | |
| Transition | |
| Transversion | |
| - | Missens- mutation |
| Nonsense mutation | |
| 6- | Lecture No. 6 |
| Genetics | |
| Types of inheritance of signs | |
| -; | Autosomn-dominant |
| -; | Autosom-retsessiv |
| - | The dominan linked to the X-chromosome |
| - | The retsessivny linked to the X-chromosome |
| - | Linked to the Y-chromosome |
| Golandrix signs | |
| allele | |
| allelic genes | |
| Not allelic genes | |
| locus | |
| Phenotype | |
| Genotype | |
| Gomozigota | |
| Geterezigota | |
| Gemizigota | |
| Law uniformity | |
| Splitting law | |
| Law of independent inheritance | |
| Gametes | |
| Hypothesis of "purity" of gametes | |
| Dominants | |
| Retsessiv | |
| Monohybrid | |
| Digibrid | |
| Mendelising signs of the person | |
| The linked inheritance | |
| Krossingover | |
| Morganid | |
| 7- | Lecture No. 7 |
| Ontogenez | |
| Typesontogenez | |
| Stages ontogenez | |
| Gametogenez | |
| Fertilisation | |
| Ooplazmatix segregation | |
| Item information | |
| Polarity of an ovum | |
| Differential expression of genes | |
| Differentiation | |
| Determination | |
| Segregetsion genes | |
| Gomiozis genes | |
| . | Gomeboksa |
| Stem cells | |
| Totipotentnost | |
| Teratogennye | |
| Teratogenez | |
| Teretogen factors | |
| Classification of congenital defects | |
| 8- | Lecture No. 8 |
| ecology | |
| ecogenetics | |
| human ecology | |
| ecogenetics diseases | |
| environmental factors | |
| ecosystems | |
| stages of development | |
| pollution | |
| contaminants | |
| pharmacogenetics | |
| Pharmadynamics | |
| genotype | |
| genetic factor | |
| biotransformation | |
| polymorphism | |
| Pharmacokinetics | |
| tolerance | |
| paradoxical reaction | |
| sensitivity | |
| genetic passport | |
| enzymes | |
| medications | |
| 9- | Lecture No. 9 |
| Chromosomal diseases | |
| . | Autosoms syndromes |
| . | Gonosoms syndromes |
| methods of diagnosis | |
| Syndromes | |
| , , , , -, - .. | Patau, Edwards, Down, Klanfelter, Shershevsky-Turner |
| Gene diseases | |
| phermentopathy | |
| hmoglobinopathy | |
| 10- | Lecture No. 10 |
| Modern methods of diagnosis | |
| Study of hereditary diseases | |
| genealogical | |
| cytogenetic | |
| biochemical | |
| - . | Molecular Methods for Genetics |
| prevention methods | |
| - | Medical and genetic counseling |
| Methods of prenatal diagnosis | |
| . | screening methods |
| Non-invasive methods | |
| . | invasive methods |
| amniocentesis | |
| Horioncentesis | |
| Primary prevention | |
| secondary prevention |
2.10. қ ә қ ә: ә ( ұ, , қ ғ, ә ), -, , қ , ұ ұ .
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ә, қ қ, Ө, Ө- ө ү.
- ә қ.
- қ қ ө: қң ұқ ұ, ә қ ғ, ұқ , , , қ қ.
- қ: қң ұқ ұ, .
- Ө- ұ ү: қ ә қ ә ұ , қң ұқ ұ, ә қ ғ, ұқ , , қ ұ , ұ : (ә-);
- Ө- ұ ү: ө қң ұқ ә ұ , , , қ ғ құ, құ, қ құ.
Ө- : ң ө ұ Ө-ң ү ә ғ.
2.11 ғ ғ :
ү ғ:
қ қ ә Ө-:
ұ ( ә ұқғ ұқ ққ );
ү ( ү, қғ );
ә қ ғ (ғ , ғ, қ ң қғ ө);
қң қ (ғ ұ ә қ ң қ ).
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қ қ: ү, ұ ә ғ қ қ.
Қ қ: қ ү 1), 2) ү ( қ ғ .. ).
