. , , ( ). .
- .
.
+ + .
, .
- .
-, (1923 .), , . , , , , , . - , . , - .
:
1 1 + H+
:
2 + H+ = 2
: 1 + 2 2+ 1
: HCl + NH3 Cl- + NH4+
1 2 1 2
HCl Cl- + NH4+
1 1
NH3 + H+ NH4+
2 2
: :
HCl CL- ; NH4+ NH3
- , .
, - , :
NH4+ NH3 + H+
HSO4- SO42- + H+
,
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
, .
, HS- :
HS- + NH3 NH4+ + S 2-
HS-, :
HS- + Br H2S + Br-
, , -, , - .
, , .
:
|
|
- :
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
2 1 2 1
- :
SCN + H2O SCN- + H3O+
1 2 1 2
-:
CH3COONa + HOH CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH-
1 2 1 2
-
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
H3O+ + OH- H2O + H2O
1 2 2 1
.
- , - . , , - -. , , , , , , .
, , .
- :
F H F H
........
F:B +: N: F:B: N:H
........
F H F H
, .. , , BF3
- . , -, , , , .
, , -, - .
1. : .
2. .
3. .
4. ?
5. ?
6. , ?
7. , ?
8. -?
9. -?
12
: . .
1. .
2. . .
3. .
) .
) ,
) ,
)
|
|
)
)
)
1. .
. , .. ( ) ( ). , - , . .
, - . , , .. :
;
;
( );
.
:
- ;
;
, , ;
, , , ;
, , .
; , :
1. :
12 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl
2. ( )
(, ):
2+ + 21 - + 2Na+ + SO42- = BaSO4 ↓ + 2Na+ + 2l -
3. , ..
:
|
4. :
2+ + SO42- = BaSO4 ↓
- 2+ SO4 2- BaSO4.
. :
AgNO3 + HC1 = AgCl↓ + HNO3
Ag+ + NO-3 + + + Cl - = AgCl + H+ + NO-3
Ag+ + CI- = AgCl ↓
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + O2↑ + 2O
2Na+ + CO2-+ 2+ + SO2-4 = 2Na+ + SO2-4 = 2Na+ + SO2-4 + CO2↑ + H2O
CO2-3 + 2H+ = O2↑ + H2O
( )
l + = 1 + 2O
+ + l - + + + - = + + 1- + 2O
+ + - = 2O
()
CuSO4 52O + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 5H2O-
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + SO2-4 + 52O +4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + SO2-4 + BaSO4 + 5H2O
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + H2O
, , .. :
21 + Na2SO4 ≠ 2NaCl + K2SO4
2+ + 2l- + 2Na+ SO2-4 ≠2Na+ + 2 + 2+ SO2-4
2. . .
,
:
2O H++
[+] [-] . , 1 t = 22 10-7
|
|
10 -7 / + 10 -7 / -.
[+] [-] (). t = 22 10-14, .
= [+] ∙ [-] = 10 -7 ∙ 10-7 = 10-14
[+] [-] , , - . [+] = [-] = 10-7 /. [+] [-] , . [+], [-] . , [+] = 10-3 /,
[-] = : [+] = 10-14: 10-3 = 10-11 /, [H+] [-]. [+] > 10-7 [+]<10-7 /.
( - ). : = - lg[H+], [+] , /. : = 7, < 7, > 7. , +, .. ; , +, .. .
, .
, , .. .
.
<7 | = 7 | >7 | |
3. .
)
, .
2O→++-
, , . + - ".
+ " ,
.
, .
NH4C1→NH4+ + - CH3COONa →3- + Na+
2O→- + + 2O →+ + -
← ↑ ↓ ← ↑↓
NH4OH CH3COOH
+, -, .
- , , , . . :
. ;
. ;
|
|
. ;
. .
) ,
+ - CN-. + - - . + - CN- (Kq = 6,0 10-10)
KCN→+ + CN-
2O→ -+ +
← ↓↑
HCN
. + CN". .
+ + CN- + 2O + + - + HCN
, . .
, , - - +. , .. > 7. , 0,1 11,
1. :
CN- + 2O + +HCN
, , , .
) ,
- NH4J. - - :
NHJ + 2O NH4OH + HJ
NH4+ + 2O NH4OH + +
NH4OH HJ. . , -, , , .. <7. , , , , .
) ,
, , - + .
3 COONH4 → CH3COO- + NH4+ 2O + +-
↓ ↑ ↑ ↓
3 NH4OH
. ( ) , . CH3COONH4 - , 3 NH4OH .
, , , . .
) ,
, + ", , , .
NaCl + 2O NaOH + HC1
Na+ + 1- + H2ONa+ + " + + + 1-
2O + + -
. , , , , .
)
, . .
, . .
: Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH
C032-+H2O →O3-+
|
|
: NaHCO3 + H2O→H2CO3 + NaOH
3- +2O 2O3 + -
. , . - (>7), - -.
, . .