Fe(OH)2Cl + NaOH = Fe(OH)3 â + NaCl
( )()
Fe(OH)2+ + OH = Fe(OH)3
:
Na2CO3 + 21 = 2NaCl + O2 á + H2O
O32- + 2+ = O2 á + 2O
+ 21 = 12 + O2 á + 2O
+ 2+ = 2+ + O2 + 2O
NaHCO3 + HC1 → CO2 á + H2O +NaC1
Na2S + H2S = 2NaHS
( ( )
)
S2- + H2S = 2HS
MgOHCl +HC1 = MgCl2 + 2O
( ) ( )
MgOH ++ + = Mg2+ + 2O
AgNO3 +HC1 = AgCl â +HNO3
Ag+ + Cl - = AgCl
12 + H2SO4 = BaSO4 â + 21
Ba2+ + SO42-= BaSO4
Pb(NO3)2 + H2S = PbS â + 2HNO3
Pb2+ + H2S = PbS + 2H+
( ):
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl â + NaNO3
Ag+ + CI- = AgCl
Ba(NO3)2 + K2S04 = BaSO4 â + 2KNO3
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 â + 2NaCl
Ca2+ + CO32- = CaCO3
Zn(NO3)2 + K2S = ZnSâ + 2KNO3
Zn2+ + S2- = ZnS
NH4HCO3 + NaCl = NaHCO3 â + NH4Cl
HCO3 - + Na+ = NaHCO3
2K3[Fe(CN)6] + 3FeSO4 = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 â + 3K2SO4
2[Fe(CN)6]3- + 3Fe2+ = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
FeCl3 + 3NH4SCN à Fe(SCN)3 + 3NH4C1
ß
Fe3+ + 3SCN à Fe(SCN)3 ( )
ß
: (2) - NH4+; (6, 7, 8) - O32-; (11, 14) - Ag+ l-; (12,15) - 2+ SO42-; (13) - S2-; (19) - Fe2+; (20) - Fe3.
) -
,
) ( ):
+2 0
CuSO4 + Fe = u + FeSO4
+2 0
Hg(NO3)2 + u = Hg + Cu(NO3)2
) :
+1 0
8 AgNO3 + 3 + 42O = 8Ag + 3O4 + 8HNO3
,
+2 +3
2FeCl2 + 12 = 2FeCl3
+2+3
412 + 41 +O2 = 413 + 22O
+3 +6
213 + 3NaBiO3 + 7NaOH + H2O = 2Na2CrO4 + 3Bi (OH)3 + 6NaCl
,
+6 +3
22O7 + 3H2O2 + 4H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3O2 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
+7 +4
2nO4 + 324 + 42O = 2nO2 â + 324()2 + 2
, :
0
2l - + C12 = l 2 + 2KC1
+3 +6
2rO2 + 3bO2 + 2KOH = 22rO4 + 3b + 2O
, , :
+2 -1 t +3 +4
4FeS2 + 11O2= 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
+2 -2+3 0
10FeS + 36HNO3 = 10Fe(NO3)3 + 10S + 3N2 + 18H2O
(.)
-:
+5 -2 t, -1 0
2lO3 = 21 + 3O2á
+5 t + 4 0
2Cu(NO3)2 = 2CuO + 4NO2 á + O2á
+7 -2 t +6 +4 0
2KMnO4 = K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 á
) , .
|
|
, , , :
t
O3 = + O2 á
t
Mg(HCO3)2 = Mg(OH)2â+ 2O2 á
t
(CuOH)2CO3 = 2CuO + O2 á + H2O
(NH4)2SO4 = NH3 á+ NH4HSO4
5. .
( ) ( ).
NaCl | |
. + - | NaOH + 1 = NaCl + H2O |
. . + - | Na2O + 2 1 = 2NaCl + H2O |
Me + - | 2Na + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2 á |
+ | 2NaOH + CuCl2 = 2NaCl + Cu(OH)2 â |
+ | Na2CO3 + 21 = 2NaCl + CO2 á+ H2O |
+ __________ | Na2SO4 + BaCl2 = 2NaCl + BaSO4_________ |
Me + HeMe | 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl |
+- | NaH + HCl = NaCl + H2á |
BaSO4 | |
. + - | Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4= BaSO4 â + 2H2O |
. . + - | BaO + H2S04 = BaSO4 â + H2O |
Me + - | Ba + H2SO4 = BaSO4 â + H2 á (.) |
+ | Ba(OH)2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 â + 2NaOH |
+ | BaCl2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4 â + 21 |
+ __________ | Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 â + 2NaNO3 |
. . + . . | BaO + SO3 = BaSO4 |
+ . . | Ba(OH)2 + SO3 = BaSO4 â + H2O |
6 .
:
8
: . . .
1. .
2. ; ; .
3. :
) ;
) ;
) .
4. .
5. .
1. .
, , :
ZnO ( ) + 21 () = ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnO (., ) + 2NaOH (.) = Na2ZnO2 ( ) + 2
:
ZnO + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2[Zn(OH)4] ( )
ZnO + 2 - + 2O = [Zn(OH)4]2-
2. ; ;
.
- , + ( ), - ( ).
, - :
+
+ + - + +
:
Zn(OH)2 | H2ZnO2 |
1()3 | 31O3 - - lO2 - - |
r()3 (III) | 3r - - Cr02 - - |
()2 | 2O2 - |
Sn(OH)2 (II) | H2SnO2 - |
Sn(OH)4 (IV) | H4SnO4 - - H2SnO3 - - |
b()2 (II) | 2bO2 - - |
b()4 (IV) | 4bO4 - - 2b - - |
: , .
|
|
3. .
, ().
) .
, ; :
Zn(OH)2 + 21 ZnCl2 + 22O
Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ Zn2+ + 2H2O
2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 A12(SO4)3 + 6H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ A13+ + 3H2O
) .
Co ; , , :
t
1()3 + NaOH = NaAlO2 + 22O
t
2r()3 + ()2 = (rO2)2 + 42O
, , 4 6; :
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2[Zn(OH)4] -
Zn(OH)2 + 2O - = [Zn(OH)4]2-
1()3 + NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4] -
1()3 + - = [AL(OH)4] -
:
1()3 + 3NaOH = Na3[Al(OH)6] -
1()3 + 3 - = [1()6]3 -
) .
, ():
t
21()3 = 12O3 + 32O
4. .
) ,
,
:
113 + 3NaOH = 1()3 â + 3NaCl
13+ + 3 - = 1()3
ZnSO4 + 2KOH = Zn(OH)2 â +K2SO4
Zn2+ + 2OH - = Zn(OH)2
)
:
3[r()6] + 1 = r()3 â + 31 + 32O
[Cr(OH)6]3 - + 3+ = r()3 + 32O
, ..:
Na2ZnO2 + 2HC1 = Zn(OH)2 â + 2NaCl
ZnO22 - + 2+ = Zn(OH)2
NaAlO2 + HC1 + H2O = Al(OH)3 â + NaCl
AlO2 - + H+ + H2O = Al(OH)3
, .
5. .
, , , .
, , .
:
|
+O2 +O2
+H2O +H2O
, , .
1. Me +
2. + O2
3. + 2O
4. + 2
5. + 2O
6. +
7. +
8. u +
9. + u
10. + u
1 | 2 + | 1 3 + | 4 | ||
- | 1 | + | - | 5 | |
- | 1 + 6 | + | + 7 | - | |
- | - | + 8 | + | ||
- | * | - | - |
|
|
1. - , .
2. ( ).
3. , , .
4. , , ; - . c .
5. I II ( ).
6. .
7. , - .
8. , , .
9. SiO2 .
:
1. :
ZnCl2 à Zn(OH)2 à ZnSO4 à Zn(NO3)2
á
Zn Zn(NO3)2
Na2Zn2
2. (II) CuO (), .
3. , (II).
4. :
) ;
) .
9.
: .
:
1. . .
2. .
3.
4.
5. .
1. . .
, - .
4KCN + Fe(CN)2 = K4[Fe(CN)6];
, :
K4[Fe(CN)6] → 4K+ +[Fe(CN)6]4-
K4[Fe(CN)6] + [Fe(CN)6]4 -, Fe2+ CN -. , [Fe(CN)6]4 -, . , . , .
. 1893. , , , .
, , . . d -: Aq+,Cu2+, Co3+, Fe3+, Fe2+ . ( ) , . , . , , . 4, 6 .
|
|
1 -
- | |
Cu+, Aq+, Au+ Cu2+, Co2+, Au2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Pt 2, Al3+ Fe2+, Fe3+, Co3+, Ni2+, Al3+, Pt4+, Hg4+, Cr3+ |
(2O, NH3CO), (NO2-. l -, r -, - .). ( ), (). , . l -, J -, Br -, CN -, - . .
, . , (en) H2N - 2 - 2 - NH2 , . [Cu(en)3]2+ 6, - , , , .
- :
Aq+ + 2 CN - [Aq(CN)2] - ; (+1 - 2= -1)
Pt4+ + 6C1 [PtCL6]2 -. (+4- 6= -2)
. , . , [Aq(NH3)2]+ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ .
, . . , .
2.
,
, ()
, . [Zn(NH3)4]2+.
,
Zn2+ .
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ ,
- Zn2+,
. 4s-
4- . [Zn(NH3)4]2+
(), sp -
. [Zn(NH3)4]2+
: