IEEE 802.3 , . I II, .
() II - , Ethernet. Fast Ethernet. ֳ , , ( .) , . , 10 BASE-T 100 BASE-TX. , , , , 10 BASE-T 10 BASE-FL 100 BASE-TX 100 BASE-FX. , 100 BASE-TX 100 BASE-T 4.
II , I. ³ , 46 ( 100 BASE-TX / FX) 67 ( 100 BASE-T 4). ( , 24). , , , .
' II (UpLink port). .
II , I, , , . , I.
() I , , , , . II, , , , 100 BASE-TX, 100 BASE-T 4 100 BASE-FX. , ( , 140 ).
Ͳ
- ?
- Ethernet ?
- Ethernet ?
- Ethernet?
- Ethernet ?
- 㳿 Ethernet?
- Ethernet?
- Ethernet ?
- Ethernet Fast Ethernet?
- Ethernet .
- Fast Ethernet .
- Ethernet?
- Ethernet?
-
- 58 - - 59 -
9
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: 㳿 Token-Ring FDDI
Token-Ring
Token-Ring IBM 1985 ( ' 1980 ). Token-Ring ' ', IBM ( ). , IBM, ' , , . , Token-Ring IEEE 802.5. Ethernet.
Գ IBM : . , 3 COM, Novell, Western Digital, Proteon . , , IBM PC Network NetBIOS. PC Network NetBIOS ', Token-Ring NetBIOS , , .
Ethernet Token-Ring , , Token-Ring . , (, ' ') .
Token-Ring , . ' , (') , (MSAU MAU - Multistation Access Unit). - . - , , .
(MAU) , , .. , . , , .
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, ' ( , adapter cable), '. ', (path cable), , '.
8- (') () . .
ʳ , (cluster), ' . , (, 16, ).
IBM Token-Ring , ' , FDDI. (UTP), (STP).
Token-Ring :
- IBM 8228 MAU 12;
- 96;
- 45 ;
- -45;
- , ' - 120;
- - 4 / 16 /.
. . , 260 ( 96), - 100 ( 45), - 33, , ' - 200 . 1 .
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Token-Ring --. - 㳿, .
9- DIN. , Ethernet, Token-Ring . Ethernet , Token-Ring ' . Token-Ring.
Ethernet Token-Ring ( 30-40%) . , , , .
Token-Ring , , . , , , ( ' ).
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( ). , . , - ' . , , ( ) .
: (SD - Start Delimiter), ( - Access Control) (ED - End Delimiter). , . . , -: , . .
z: , , . ( 0 7, 7 , 0 ). , . , ( , - ). , , , . , , , . , , .
Token-Ring , , , , , .
:
- (SD) ;
- () , ;
- (FC - Frame Control) ().
.
.
32- (CRC).
ʳ . , , , ( ).
, : ' . , .
³, Ethernet . 16 / 18 , . 4 / Token-Ring , Ethernet (10 /), ( 3040%), CSMA / CD: .
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Token-Ring (16 / ) (ETR -Early Token Release). ³ , . ETR , , , - , , , .
FDDI
FDDI ( Fiber Distributed Data Interface, ) - . FDDI, ANSI ( ANSI X 3 T 9.5), (100 /) ( - 850 ). , .
, , ' . , , , , , . , , , (, ). FDDI .
FDDI , IEEE 802.5 Token-Ring. . FDDI - , , 200 / ( 100 /). - , .
FDDI :
- 1000;
- - 20 ;
- - 2 ;
- - ( );
- ;
- 100 / (200 / ).
, FDDI . Fast Ethernet, 100 /, FDDI . FDDI CSMA / CD - .
³, 20 ' , . (2 ) : 11 . , 45 , - 100 .
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FDDI (CDDI Copper Distributed Data Interface TPDDI - Twisted Pair Distributed Data Interface). 5 RJ -45. 100 . . , FDDI.
FDDI 4 /5 , . ³ 100 / 125 ( 125 ), 200 , -. ' . , NRZ , - -
FDDI .
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() ( , SAS - Single-Attachment Stations) () . , , . , .
(', ..), ' (Wiring Concentrators), , . (, ) () . (DAC - Dual-Attachment Concentrator) (SAC - Single-Attachment Concentrator).
FDDI ():
- , , ;
- , , - ;
- (Master) ' ;
- S (Slave) ' .
FDDI .
, IEEE 802.5, FDDI . Token-Ring () , FDDI . :
- , , , ;
- , ;
- .
, (TRT) (). , , , , , , . , , , . . .
FDDI IEEE 802.5 . : . - , . , . , .
FDDI , Token-Ring. .
. 64 , , , .
.
6- ( Ethernet Token-Ring) 2-.
, 4500 .
32- .
ʳ .
, ( Token-Ring).
FDDI :
- , ;
- , (6- 2-) ;
- , ;
- , .
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Ͳ
- Token Ring?
- Token Ring?
- Token Ring ?
- 璺 Token Ring?
- Token Ring?
- Token Ring Ethernet.
- Token Ring?
- Token Ring .
- Token Ring?
- FDDI ?
- FDDI?
- 㳿 FDDI ?
- FDDI.
- FDDI ?
- CDDI TPDDI?
- FDDI ?
- FDDI ?
- FDDI?
- FDDI.
- Token Ring FDDI?
10
: 㳿 Arcnet 100VG-AnyLAN.
Arcnet
Arcnet ( ARCnet, . Attached Resource Computer Net) - . Datapoint Corporation 1977 . ̳ , . , Arcnet , Ethernet. (, Datapoint, Standard Microsystems, Xircom .) , Arcnet .
Arcnet , , Ethernet ( ), . - 2,5 /).
Arcnet , , - . , , , -.
Arcnet (Arcnet-BUS) (Arcnet-STAR).
㳿 , Ethernet (10 S 2). - BNC -, - . , , 93 , , RG -62 A / U, 50-, Ethernet. ³ 93- . , Ethernet Arcnet , , , Arcnet Ethernet, . ' Arcnet , .
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㳿 . ( 8). ̳ 1 . ³, ( , ).
Arcnet :
- - , ;
- - 6 ;
- - 30 ;
- - 600 ;
- - 30 ;
- - 600 ;
- 1 - 255;
- - 8;
- - 300 ;
- - 2,5 /.
, 30 . 5 11 .
, Arcnet Ethernet , - .
Arcnet ( ), , Token-Ring. , IEEE 802.4. :
- , , ;
- , ( , );
- , , ( );
- , ;
- , ;
- , , .
, , . . , Token-Ring, Arcnet . - , Arcnet ( Ethernet). (2,5 /) , , , . ³ , , , .
Arcnet 0,5 . 8- 16- (CRC).
Arcnet '. , , ' : . Arcnet ( 255, , 256- ).
Arcnet, 20 /, .
100VG-AnyLAN
l00 VG-AnyLAN - , ' . Hewlett-Packard IBM IEEE 802.12, . , ( Ethernet 10 BASE-T, Ethernet Token-Ring. 100 100 /, VG 3 (Voice Grade), a AnyLAN (- ) , .
l00 VG-AnyLAN :
- - 100 /;
-
- 70 - - 71 - - - , (Demand Priority - );
- - ( UTP 3, 4 5), ( UTP 5), (STP), .; ;
- - 100 ( UTP 3), 150 ( UTP 5 ), 2 ( ).
, 100 VG-AnyLAN Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet - Ethernet ( l00 VG-AnyLAN ' ). , l00 VG-AnyLAN, ( Ethernet), .
l00 VG-AnyLAN () 1, , 2, 3. . , 600 .
(, Ethernet), l00 VG-AnyLAN - , . , . , . , - () , .
Ethernet Token-Ring. - . ' Ethernet Token-Ring , .
( ) ( ). : ' ( ), , , , , .
.
, , .
, , , . ( ).
l00 VG-AnyLAN 㳺 .
. , , . . l00 VG-AnyLAN , :
- ;
- , .
, . , , . , . , . , . , .
, , . ( ), , .
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l00 VG-AnyLAN .
:
- ( 5 );
- , (scrambling) ;
- 5 6 ( , );
- .
4 ( ). .
, , -.
30 /. , 120 /. 5 6 100 /. , 15 . ֳ 3.
100 VG-AnyLAN : .
( ). ³ .
, - . ³ .
. 16 16 , 30 / ( 0,9375 ). (1,875 ) . .
, , (1 - 1). , 1 - 2. ' . (1 - 2), , . 2 - 1. , 2 - 2 '.
, l00 VG-AnyLAN 100 /. , . , FDDI, .
Fast Ethernet, , 100 /, , . , , . , . ' , . , 䳿.
1 / (1000 /) . Gigabit Ethernet. ' , , . Ethernet Fast Ethernet .
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Gigabit Ethernet , , CSMA / CD, () , ' Ethernet Fast Ethernet . , , - . Gigabit Ethernet ' Ethernet Fast Ethernet .
' high-end Gigabit Ethernet . ³, 64- PCI, , .
Gigabit Ethernet 1995 . 1998 , IEEE 802.3 z. (Gigabit Ethernet Alliance), , , , , 3Com.
Gigabit Ethernet :
- 1000 S-SX - 850 , 500 ;
- 1000 BASE-LX - ( 500 ) ( 2000 ) 1300 ;
- 1000 BASE-CX - ( 25 );
- 1000 BASE-T - ( 100 ).
Gigabit Ethernet 8 /10 , , 4 /5 FDDI. ³ , , 10 , . , ( ), , -.
512- Ethernet, , (51,2 Ethernet 5,12 Fast Ethernet), . , 512 (4096 ). 0,512 Gigabit Ethernet. 512 512 . .
Gigabit Ethernet ( CSMA / CD), ( Fast Ethernet).
Gigabit Ethernet, , , ' , , . , , ' ' .
, Gigabit Ethernet FDDI, ' , , Ethernet. , FDDI ' , , Gigabit Ethernet FDDI.
10 / - .
. 㳺 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). , . , . ATM .
155 / ( - 25 /), - 662 /, 2488 /. , ATM Gigabit Ethernet. , ' ATM , Gigabit Ethernet.
ATM . - 4 /5 8 /10 .
ATM , . (cells) 53 . ( , ). , . ̳ . ³ .
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- ARCNET?
- ARCNET Ethernet?
- 㳿 ARCNET?
- ARCNET .
- ARCNET?
- ARCNET ?
- ARCNET ?
- 100VG-AnyLAN?
- 㳿 100VG-AnyLAN ?
- 100VG-AnyLAN?
- 100VG-AnyLAN?
- 100VG-AnyLAN ?
- 100VG-AnyLAN ?
- 100VG-AnyLAN ?
- 100VG-AnyLAN ?
- 100VG-AnyLAN?
- 100VG-AnyLAN?
- GigaBit EtherNet?
- Gigabit Ethernet?
- Gigabit Ethernet ?
- 㳺 ATM ?
- 㳿 ATM ?
11
: Internet
Internet, , . ³ Internet : ' ' . , Internet , , ' ', ', .
Internet ( ', ) ' , () Internet. ' Internet. , ' ', (). Internet, .
Internet . - , ' Internet , .
Internet 30 ' ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency net) - . - , ' .
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Internet . 80- ҳ ˳ (CERN) , Internet- () Mosaic. HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 1991 World Wide Web ( ). HTML - , , . HTML ' .
Internet WWW , World Wide Web HTML. WWW - Internet , ' .
Internet , , , , . Internet.
( , Internet), ( Internet ). .
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) www.icann.org
Internet, , . - , ' .
: ASO (Address Supporting Organization) , ' IP-; DNSO (Domain Name Supporting Organization) DNS; , , PSO (Protocol Supporting Organization) Internet.
ICANN - DNS- ( Network Solutions Inc., ) , ' ().
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) www.iana.org
, , ' IP-, (top level domain names) ( , , .).
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) www.ietf.org
IETF , , Internet-.
, , RFC (Request For Comment); , , RFC - Internet-. , HTTP, DNS, , IM SMTP, .
IETF PSO, ICANN.
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) www.w3.org
W3C - Web-. , , ' Web-.
, HTML, XML, XSLT, CSS, DOM, URI . W3C ' XML, World Wide Web.
, , ' 50