COMmunication Port . 4 , 9 (DB-9) 25 (DB-25) , . 115,2 / 20 (50 ). , RS-232, V.24/V.28 .21.
RS-232 EIA (Electronics Industries Association ). RS-232C.
V.24/V.28 (- / ) ITU-T (CCITT) , X.21 ITU-T (CCITT) .25 ( ). .21bis.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) , 1,5 / 12 / (USB 1.0 1.1 ), 480 / (USB 2.0). 127 24 AWG 14 .
Bluetooth ( ) . . (Harald Blaatand), . Bluetooth .
Ericsson 1994 . . Bluetooth ( ) 7 (1 6 ) . 79 2,4 720 /. , 3 :
1 1 100
2 0,25 2,4
3 1 10
TCP/IP
, (, IPX/SPX Novell) (, .25 ITU-T), , LAN, Internet TCP/IP. , .
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TCP/IP TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol), 70- . ARPANET . (V. G. Cerf) (R. F. Kahn) A protocol for packet network interconnection (IEEE Transaction on Communications, Vol. COM-22, 5, 1974). . UNIX FreeBSD ( ). OSI .
OSI | TCP/IP | TCP/IP |
(Application) | HTTP, FTP, Telnet, | (Application) |
(Presentation) | ||
(Session) | ||
(Transport) | TCP, UDP | (Transport) |
(Network) | IP, ARP, ICMP, RIP, OSPF, | (Network) |
(Data Link) | ( ) Ethernet, ATM, | (Physical) |
(Physical) |
.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) WWW (Word Wide Web) . 1993 . Mosaic ( (Mark Andressen) 1995 . Netscape Communications Corp.). 1994 . (CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire) (M. I. T. Massachusetts Institute of Technologies) WWW Consortium Web .
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) .
Telnet .
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) .
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) .
IP (Internet Protocol) .
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) , - IP . IP IP . RARP (Reverse ARP). ARP, Proxy ARP [4, . 93-98].
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) .
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) . , . . 14 () 30 . .
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OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) .
IP
IP .
32 (4 ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
D | M | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
, UNIX, 4 (32 ) , .
. 4- (IPv4) . IP 6- (IPv6) 16 (64- ) , . (IPv6) .
. 4- . 5 ( 20 ). , , .
. , . .
( + ) . 216-1 20=65 535 20 ≈ 64 . 21.
16- , .
D (Do not fragment) (D=1 ).
M (More fragments) (M=1 ).
8- () . ( ) 8. 213=8 192 ( 0), 8- 8*8 192= 64 356 ( 1 , ).
(TTL Time To Live) , . 1 + . . , 0, , . 255. ( ) 30, 128 (, MS Windows).
, .
4- . . .
IP 4- , .
IP 4- , .
, , , . 4- .
, . 4- .
IP
IP [1, . 495-507; 2, . 440-442; 3, . 326-337; 4, .67-74]:
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MAC ( );
IP (/ );
DNS (Domain Name System) ( ) . DNS IP DNS.
IPv4 , 4- :
. , 192.168.3.11
. , 255.255.255.0
. , 192.168.3.1
IP :
( ) 0 255=28-1 .
0000 0000 1111 1111 .
00 FF .
IP .
IP , .
. ( Ȼ) 4- IP 4- . ,
IP 192.168.3.187 (1100 0000.1010 1000.0000 0011.1011 1011)
255.255.255.240 (1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 0000)
( )
192.168.3.176 (1100 0000.1010 1000.0000 0011.1011 0000)
, . , .
:
. 1 , (). 192.168.3.191 (1100 0000.1010 1000.0000 0011.1011 1111)
, . , .
IP .
, .
, / . 192.168.3.11 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.11/24.
. 5 .
. 0. 255.0.0.0. 1.0.0.0 126.255.255.254. 0.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 . , 0.0.0.0 . 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 . , 127.0.0.1 . 125, (28*28*28-2)=16 777 214 .0.0.0 , .255.255.255 . 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255.
B. 10. 255.255.0.0. 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.254. 26*28=16 384, (28*28-2) = 65 534 . 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12).
. 110. 255.255.255.0. 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.254. 25*28*28= 2 097 152, (28-2) = 254 . 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255.
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D. 1110. / . 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255. 239.0.0.0 239.255.255.255.
. 11110. . 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255.
( 100 ) DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) IP .
UDP
UDP TCP TCP/IP.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) , , , ( ). (, DNS), , .
← 32 (4- ) → | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16- (2- ) . . , ( FTP) web- ( HTTP) . ( ) 1024 (, FTP 21 , HTTP 80 . .), . , IP (socket ). IP (, 212.46.206.2:80).
( ) UDP . UDP IP UDP , . . (65 535 20) 8 = 65 507 . . IP
IP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(, 17 UDP, 6 TCP).
UDP/TCP .
(Transmission Control Protocol) . . 3.4.1 TCP .
Source Port, Destination Port, Checksum, Data , , , UDP .
SN . , TCP 2001 3000, SN=2001. (232-1) 0. ( ) SN 1 . 3.4.1. .
← 32 (4- )→ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source Port | Destination Port | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sequence Number (SN) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acknowledgment Sequence Number (ACK SN) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data Offset | U | A | P | R | S | F | Window | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Checksum | Urgent Pointer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Options (Padding) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data |
ACK SN , . . ACK SN 1 . .
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Data Offset 32- . 5 ( options ), 15 (60 ).
:
U ( ) Urgent Pointer.
A ( ) ACK SN.
P -.
R .
S .
F .
Window . TCP . , . . -. ACK SN Window. ACK SN 1 . , Window . (Window), . - ACK SN , ( ), .
Urgent Pointer (pointer) (urgent) . -. U.
Options . 40 . (padding ) 4- .
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) \IP.
, ( 21 ) ( 20 ). FTP .
. ( , ), . , FTP , ( LISTEN), . , , , . , , .
3.5.1.1.
. 3.5.1.1. FTP.
4- :
.
IP .
IP .
.
, . , , .
, FTP, . FTP (anonymous), .
HTTP
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) WWW (World Wide Web) . , 80 .
URL (Uniform Resource Locator ) (, MS Internet Explorer) . URL URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) , , FTP .
URL , //, :, @, /, # ? -
http://user: password@www. server: port/path#fragment? query
() :
user: password . , , . , user: password WWW 401, . , user: password . ( Basic) ( Digest , , , ). Basic user: password Base64. , , . . , . 24 (3 ), 4 6 . () , . , Base64 25 % ( 0,75), ¼. Digest user: password MD5 (Message Digest 5). -, 128 (16 ). MD5 , , www. server: port (80 ) WWW-.path - (index. html ).fragment ( ).query .
Telnet
Telnet UNIX, [4, . 423-433].
, () . .
Telnet 23 . , . telnet . :
(IP )
.
telnet telnet .
telnet ( ) . . . telnet . , telnet .
(, telnet) SSH (Secure SHell), 22 . , telnet, SSH, . 3.5.3.1.
telnet 22 (, SSH ). telnet 23 , SSH, . SSH 23 telnet. . SSH telnet 23 .