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. OSI




/ . , , .

, . , , , , , .

, . :

, . . :

LAN (Local Area Network) ( );

MAN/CAN (Metropolitan/Campus Area Network) ( );

WAN (Wide Area Network) ( ).

Internet, .

(, , , , (), ), .

(, , ), .

. , Ethernet .

, , , .

(, ),

( )

( ).

. , TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, 25 . , , .

, . . , , . , MS Windows, Novell NetWare, UNIX/Linux .

( ),

( , , . . ).

(, , .), (, , .), / (WWW, E-mail, .).

. OSI

. , , , . , , , . , .

:

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union sector Telecommunication) , . 1993 CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephone and telegraphy), ( ). (Telecommunication), R ( ) D ().

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) . 89 (ANSI , DIN , BSI .).

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) .

OSI (Open System Interconnection) 1983 . ISO ITU-T. ( ) .

1.2.1.

. 1.2.1. OSI.

: AH (application header) , PH (presentation) , SH (session) , TH (transport) , NH (network) , DH (data link) , DT (data link tail) .

, , , , /.

- () . 1.2.2, M (message), H (header) T (tail).

. 1.2.2. .

, 1.2.3, PDU (protocol data unit) .

:

, .

.

.

(service) , .

( ), , Ethernet .

, , IP ATM.

:

(Physical) , .

(Data Link) (, / ).

(Network) (, , ).

(Transport) .

(Session) , / , .

(Presentation) (, SSL (Secure Socket Layer)).

(Application) . , FTP (File Transfer Protocol), Telnet .

, . . , . .

(polling)

(primary) (S secondary) . (, . .).

(token passing) . 1 3, () .

. 1.3.2.

Token Ring/Token Bus (IEEE 802.5/802.4) FDDI.

Token Ring 1984 . IBM 4 / ( 16 /). 1998 . High-Speed Token Ring 100 155 /. 70 ( 4000 ), STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) 100 , UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) 45 , - . 260 .

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface ) ANSI 1986-8 . 500 ( ) 100 100 /.

(competition) .

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Detection) , , ().

. (, Ethernet ). ( Ethernet 16).

, .

(collision domain), . . , , .

ISDN

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) , ( , , , . .) . ISDN 70- . ITU-T (CCITT) .

ISDN 64 / N-ISDN (Narrowband). - ( 64 / ) , , . ISDN , , ATM, xDSL, Frame Relay .





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