UNIX - . , MS DOS .
UNIX , , . UNIX - . , - , .
UNIX UNIX- (, LINUX) . , UNIX ( ), , TCP/IP. , , , , , .
UNIX. UNIX , . login. . passwd.
- , . , - .
:
- ( - z, - Z, 0 - 9, _,.,-);
() ( );
, -a l ( + ); ;
.
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1 2 3 4
command options expression filename(s)
(UNIX Reference Manual), :
1) commands ();
2) system class ( );
3) subroutines ();
4) special files ();
5) file format and convension ( );
6) games ();
7) macro packages and language conventions ( );
8) administrator commands and procedures ( ).
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:
NAME ( );
SYNOPSIS ();
DESCRIPTION ( );
FILE ( );
SEE ALSO ( );
DIAGNOSTIC ( );
BUGS ( ),
$ man i <> (i - , "$ man grep"; i , i=l).
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( ) . (, VI ), shell .
:
$ pwd (print working directory)
( ) ls.
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$ Is - ;
$ Is-al - a (all) - ;
-1 (long) - ;
S Is / - root,
$ Is -1 / - root ;
S Is -I /bin - ;
S Is /dev - ;
$ Is /users - .
cd (change directory).
$ cd /etc $ Is -1 - ;
$ cd /usr $ Is -1bin - ;
$ cd - - (fioine) .
cat ( concatenate) ( ) (Standart Output), - , :
$ cat /etc/motd (message of today)
mkdir (make directory). . , progs/c,
$ cp /etc/motd message
progs/c progs/c/mtssage. , :
$ cp /etc/motd progs/c
( progs/c/motd ). progs/c - ,
$ cp /etc/motd
( ). cp - , , :
$ cp /etc/motd /usr/include/stdio.h progs/c
v. . - .
.
$ mv message mesg
$ls
mesg....
, . () rm.
:
$ cd progs/c
$ rm motd
S Is message ( motd)
rm .
-i , :
$ rm-i filel file2
filel: n (no-)
file2: (yes-)
-f, , :
$ rm-fstdio.h
, , .
-r ( ). rmdir (remove directory):
$ rmdir progs
Shell:
* - ( );
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? - ;
[Cl 2] - Cl- C2 ( ASCII).
:
1) $ Is ?
1 2 cs cz
2) $ Is *
1 12 2 23 cs csl cxy cz
3)$ls?l*
112
">".
.
$ Is -1 - = standard output;
$ Is -1 > dirconts - dirconts;
$ cat dirconts - .
> . ( ), >>.
.
$ pwd >> dirconts - .
<.
.
$ mail - ;
$ mail < message - message.
, .
, . . | ( ).
UNIX . :
who - , ;
write - ;
mail - , .
write :
write < ><>
control-D. . . , . , :
login: password:... you have mail $
write, mail , . ; :
you have mail ( ).
mail :
(?) , mail , : , , mail. :
q quit -;
exit without changing mail - ;
print - ;
s [file] save - ;
w [file] same without header - ;
- print previous - ;
d delete - ;
+ next (no delete) - ( );
m user mail to user - ;
!cmd execute cmd - ;
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mail - , ( control-D ). mail q, :
? q you have mail $
, bmail. , . , Internet. . UUCP (Unix to Unix copy).
UNIX , , 77, , .
. NFS (Network File System) NIS (Network Information Service). NFS /, , , UNIX, . , , , UNIX Demos Commander, Norton Commander. Windows UNIX X Windows.
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1. UNIX.
2. UNIX.
3. UNIX Internet?
