. . -, , . , .
, . . .
, , . , , . , Web- . , ( ) .
, , . , . . , , . .
. , , (-BIOS), , : , .
. .
1. (, ). , . .
2. . . , , . , , . . ; . , W95.CIH.1075 (), 26 1999 , , ( ) .
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3. . , .
4. . , , , , .
56
, - , , .
. - , .
, - () , () - . , - () .
. , , .
, , , . , - (, , ..) . .
- , , , .
, , , , .
:
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|
B2B - (Business-to-Business), , -;
B2C - (Business-to-Consumer), , .
B2A - - (Business-to-Administration) - ;
C2A - - (Consumer-to-Administration) - .
C2C - (Consumer-to-Consumer), , .
B2B - - .
- B2C , .. .
C2C - , .. .
, B2B
, . ESPRIT :
- ;
- -;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
: , , , , , ..
55
HTML (HyperText Markup Language). HTML Web-, . HTML , . HTML (, , , ..).
, () . ( ) . HTML- .
HTML-:
1. HTML- , , .
2. HTML- , .htm .html.
3. HTML- HTML (, FrontPage), (, Windows).
4. HTML- -. HTML-, .. Web-, . , Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator Opera.
5. HTML- - , , HTML- .
HTML- HTML.
HTML ( ) . , HTML, .
, . HTML (, , , ..). . :
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(<) ;
(/) , ;
;
;
(>)
, HTML (, ).
:
;
(=);
,
HTML:
<H1 ALIGN= "CENTER"> 1</H1>
:
<H1 ALIGN= "CENTER">
</H1>
H1
ALIGN= "CENTER"
ALIGN
"CENTER"
HTML-:
1. , .. </H1> </h1> .
2. , . HTML.
4. HTML . . , , , , Windows, HTML-.
HTML
, . "begin/end" , , ... . , HTML, .
HTML :
"":= <" " " ">, </" ">,
, , , - .
. - HTML , , - , .
WWW , Universe Resource Locator. :
<A HREF="http://polyn.net.kiae.su/altai/index.html">, </A>,.
"A", HTML (anchor), "HREF", (Hypertext REFerence), URL. "index.html" "altai" "polyn.net.kiae.su", "http".
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HTML : . , , . , , . , "". , .
HTML . , - "HTML":
<HTML>, </HTML>,
HTML : (HEAD) (BODY):
<HTML>,
<HEAD>,
</HEAD>,
<BODY>,
</BODY>,
</HTML>,
, HTML :
<HTML>,
<HEAD>,
<TITLE>, HTML.</TITLE>,
<BASE HREF="http://144.206.192.4/html30/">,
<!-- Author: Pavel Khramtsov -->,
<!-- Date: 09.08.95 -->,
</HEAD>,
<BODY BACKGROUND="back.gif">,
............ .............
</BODY>,
</HTML>,
<HTML>, </HTML>, - . HEAD , : TITLE BASE. , , .
World Wide Web , TITLE . . TITLE BASE. , . , <BODY>,.....</BODY>,. .
<BODY>,
<H1>, HTML .</H1>,
<HR>,
HTML:
<UL>, <LI>, <A HREF="#first">, </A>,
<LI>, <A HREF="#second">, </A>,
<LI>, <A HREF="#list">, </A>,
<LI>, <A HREF="#graph">, </A>,
</UL>,
.
............
</BODY>,
, - H1. , . , UL. , . :
<A HREF="#list">, </A>,
"list" , , :
<A NAME="list">,
.
<P>,. , .. <P>, , . . , . . :
<H2>, </H2>,
: <HR>, <BR>,. , . , , . . <BR>,.
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<OL>, </OL>,. , . .
<IMG...>,. , , GIF JPEG. .
HTML 3.0 , - FIG. IMG , . , Netscape Extensions IMG align, right left. , FIG.
, HTML , . . - , WWW . :
<FORM METHOD=POST ACTION=http://polyn.net.kiae.su/cgi-bin/test>,
Type yourinformation here: <INPUT NAME="INPUT" VALUE="none" TYPE="text">,
Select from list:
<SELECT NAME="menu">,
<OPTION>,novice
<OPTION>,expert
<OPTION>,wizard
</SELECT>,
<HR>,
<INPUT NAME="SUBMIT" TYPE="submit" VALUE="Submit">,
</FORM>,
, test( ACTION). INPUT 1024 ( - 128 ) . SUBMIT , .
51, 52
(. Internet . inter net ). , ARPANET (ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency, US Defence Department, ), 1969 , . ARPANET - , . , .
, . , . , , , . .
, , . , , . , TCP/IP (Transmittion Control Protocol/Internet Protocol - / ). , UNIX. TCP/IP . 80- , . , , .
, , ( - ) . .
, , - , . , , , , , , .
ISOC (Internet SOCiety - ), . IAB (Internet Architecture Board ), . IETF (Internet Engeneering Task Force ).
IP-
, TCP/IP, , , , 0 255 . , 128.252.135.4 192.94.50.236. 256x256x256x256=4 294 967 296 . IP- IP-. , IP- .
- , ISOC IP-. , . IP-.
IP-. () , IP- , . , . IP- . . , IP- , IP-, . IP- , , .
, IP-, , , host- ( -, host ). , -, , -, , IP- , , . . , . , ( ), .
, , , . . .
IP- . . , . , IP- ( domain , , ) .
, () . , - . . ISOC . . 14.1. , ru su, uk, com, edu, gov, mil, org, us. net . , net, , (, edu, com . .), , .
14.1.
u be com dk edu hu it jp fr gov mil net org ru su uk us | |
( ) ( ) () () ( ) () , ( , ) |
() . . , . , ru () : altai (), Vologda (), samara () . . , , () , . . . .
, , () , . .
, , ssu.samara.ru. ssu ( Samara State University ) , samara () ( ), ru ( Russia ) () . , . (\), . , , , , .
14.6 . 1 () , 2 ( ), 3 ( ), .
. 14.6.
, , . , , , . ., . , , , ru, samara, ssu , , .
IP-, , , , ( ). , IP- 195.209.67.6 ssu.samara.ru. IP- , DNS- (Domain Name Server ). DNS- . , , , . , IP- .
, IP- , , (provider ). , (), (), , . . , , . , , , .
(), , . , , , , .
, IP- . , , , , . , (router - , ). , .