1984 International Standards Organization (ISO) , , (Open System Interconnection reference model, OSI). 1984 . - . , , .
OSI . , .
. 1 OSI. , , . , . . .
. 1. OSI
- 1- 2- - (, ). , . , .
(. . ), . - . . .
OSI
- , . , . , , . 2. - , , .
. 2. OSI
. (packet) - , . . , , .
. , , , . , .
|
|
, , . - . - , , -. , , , , .
- , , , , , .
. , , . , .
OSI , .
, . , .
.
, , . , , . . .
, , . . . . .
, , . . . IPX SPX . ( ), IP (Internet Protocol ) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ) . . , .
, , . TP 0. TP 1. .
, , , , . .
, , , , , . . Swift. .
|
|
, , .
, . .
, . Server Windows NT Microsoft, NetWare Novell.
1. : , , , (, ..). , ("repeaters"), .
2. , 1- , .. . ( ), : , , . X.25 HDLC (High-level Data Link Control). ("bridges"), .
3. , 2- , "", . , "" ("routing"). , ( 4096), , , , . , .
4. . , ("clients" & "servers") ("clients") . "". 8 , , . 8 , . , , ", " , . ("routers"), , Ethernet Arcnet, .
, . . , . - , . , . , . , 12 , . 6 , , , .
5. , . . . ? 1) , 2) 3) .
|
|
6. : (" , ?"), , . : , . , Ctrl-L .
7. , . ISO
FTAM (File Transfer)
JTM (Job Transfer)
VTSP (Virtual Terminal) .
.. ("gateways"), .