(English Tenses in the Passive Voice)
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Infinitive | To help | To be being helped | To have been helped | _ |
| Present | My friend is always helped with his compositions. . | My friend is being helped with his composition now. . | My friend has already been helped with his composition. . | _ |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Past | My friend was helped with his composition yesterday. . | My friend was being helped with his composition for 2 hours yesterday. . | My friend had been helped with his composition before his mother came home. . | _ |
| Future | My friend will be helped with his composition tomorrow. . | _ | My friend will have been helped with his composition by 4 oclock. 4 . | _ |
II. -
) . :
| This church was built in 1815. | 1915 . |
) , , -:
| The conference is held in April every year. | . |
) - ( ):
| At our faculty students are trained in four specialities. | . |
) ( by) by :
| America was discovered by Columbus. | . |
:
1. , , .. , . .
to follow ()
to address ( -)
to influence ()
to attend ()
to affect ()
.
| Yesterday the lecture was attended by a few students. | . |
2. . include, buy, give, land, offer, promise, sell, take, promise, send.
2 :
a) Karen was given a present by Peter;
b) A present was given to Karen by Peter.
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3. to be born - , .
| I was born in Uruguay. | . |
4. Have something done
- Have something done, (, , .) - .
- Have .
We had our houses painted last year.
I m having my car serviced tomorrow.
I ve had my room decorated.
5. - Have something done, .
She had house broken into.
Tim had his arm broken playing rugby.
III.
:
) ( ) ( ):
A parcel has just been delivered to Mrs. Green.
, .
, ;
) () ( ):
| We were brought the bill. | ; |
) , ; , :
| He is often spoken about. | . |
I.. Complete each sentences with a passive verb and translate it into Russian.
1. The police questioned George. George was questioned by the police.
2. Millions of people watch this programme. This programme _____ by millions of people.
3. They will finish our new house at the end of the month. Our new house _____ at the end of the month.
4. They have elected a new president. A new president _____.
5. They are rebuilding the damaged stadium. The damaged stadium _____.
6. They have closed the mountain road. The mountain road _____.
7. Students write most of this magazine. Most of this magazine _____ by students.
8. A burglar stole my television. My television _____ by a burglar.
9. Somebody will meet you at the bus-station. You _____ at the bus-station.
10. United won the cup last year. Last year the cup _____ by United.
II. Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence and translate it into Russian.
1. Many pet dogs are losing every year. Many pet dogs are lost every year.
2. The ill man was been taken to hospital.
3. A new bridge is be built across the river.
4. All the food at the party was ate.
5. Nothing will being decided before next Saturday.
6. The meeting is holding every Friday.
7. This book was writing by Sams father.
III. Rewrite each sentence with a passive verb, and so that the names of people are not mentioned.
1. The authorities have closed the casino. The casino has been closed.
2. Someone broke into the flat last week.
3. People all over the world speak English.
4. The authorities have opened the new swimming-pool.
5. Someone left this purse in the classroom yesterday.
6. The city council has banned traffic from the city centre.
7. The clubs have postponed the match.
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IV. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
1. Im having my hair/cut/to cut tomorrow.
2. The children were took/taken/taking to the seaside for the day.
3. I was sending/sent/send here by the manager.
4. Kate is having her car services/servicing/serviced tomorrow.
5. Sue had her windows breaking/broken/broke by vandals.
6. David has been offer/offering/offered a new job in Brazil.
7. Where exactly were you born/did you born/did you bear?
8. Ive just had my like repaired/repair/repairing.
V. Rewrite each sentence beginning and ending as shown.
1. Someone stole Bobs bike. Bob had his bike stole.
2. John lent me this book. This book _____ John.
3. The dentist took out one of my teeth yesterday. Yesterday I _____ out.
4. Cairo is my place of birth. I _____ in Cairo.
5. A rock concert ticket was sold to me by a friend. I was _____ by a friend.
6. Someone broke into Toms house last week. Tom had _____ last week.
7. When is your date of birth? When exactly _____ born?
8. My parents gave me this ring? I _____ parents.
Unit V
Electricity: Energy of the Future
Vocabulary Study
Word List
Nouns and noun phrases
| advance appearance appliance application beam cable cycle device gear health in the case of labour mankind property pulley range research source workshop | , , , , , , , , , , , , , () , , |
Adjectives
| efficient evident expensive specific successful universal various wide | , , ( ) , , , , |
Verbs
| charge consume cover design double imagine improve invent light (lit) provide realize reduce replace save set up support transform turn | , , , , (), () , , , , , , , , , |
I. Read and translate the following words. Arrange them into the groups: a) with one stress or stress on the first syllable; b) with the stress on the second syllable; c) with two or more stresses.
Pollute, natural, panel, solar, consider, non-traditional, advantage, photoelectric, expensive, tunnel, consumption, thermal-chemical, civilization, population, motorway, photocopying, power, accumulate, during, remain, electrometallurgy, environment, battery, lighting, individual, therefore, sun-powered, unlimited, mechanical, hydraulic, geothermal, transformation, concentrate, enough, area, supply.
II. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
| 1) motor 2) device 3) beam 4) technology 5) invent 6) research 7) source 8) power 9) generate 10)reduce | a) place from which something comes or is got b) cause to exist or occur, produce c) create or design (sth not existing before) d) make less, make smaller in size, number, degree, price e) change the shape, appearance, quality or nature f) something thought out, invented or adapted, for a specific purpose g) investigation undertaken in order to discover new facts h) study, mastery and utilization of manufacturing and industrial methods i) device which imparts or utilizes power (esp electric power) to produce motion, but not used of a steam engine j) ray or stream of light k) strength; force |
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III. Choose:
a) a noun
1. a)invent; b)inventor; c)inventive; d)invention.
2. a)transform; b)transformer; c)transformation; d)transformed.
3. a)generator; b)generative; c)generate; d)generation.
4. a)pollutant; b)pollute; c)pollution; d)polluter.
b) a verb
1. a)operation; b)operator; c)operate; d)operating.
2. a)apply; b)appliance; c)applicable; d)application.
3. a)indicator; b)indicate; c)indication; d)indicative.
4. a)producer; b)productive; c)produce; d)product.
c) an adjective
1. a) effect; b) effective; c) effectiveness; d) effectively.
2. a) vary; b) variation; c) variety; d) various.
3. a) possibility; b) possibly; c) possible; d) impossible.
4. a) power; b) powerful; c) powerless; d) powerfully.
d) an adverb
1. a) intensive; b) intensity; c) intensively; d) intensify.
2. a) mechanics; b) mechanic; c) mechanize; d) mechanically.
3. a) economy; b) economical; c) economist; d) economically.
4. a) warm; b) warmth; c) warmly; d) warmish.
IV. Define the meaning of the x words.
1) provide: provider
: x (, )
2) induce: induction
: x
3) accumulate: accumulator
: x
4) transmit: transmission
: x
5) consume: consumer
: x
6) reduce: reduction
: x
7) design: designer
: x
8) improve: improvement
: x
9) apply: application
:
10)combine: combination
: x
11) populate: population
: x
12) operate: operator
, : x
IV. Make adjectives from the following nouns by adding the suffixes: -al, -ful, -ic and translate them into Russian.
Industry, success, universe, economy, nature, part, power, tradition, metallurgy, theory, digit, use, logic, electricity, structure, hope, idea, form, skill, science, profession, physics, experiment, help, practice
V. Arrange the words with similar meaning of the two groups in pairs.
a) reduce, various, advance, property, application, device, latest, power, enable, reach, transform, longstanding, research, supply
b) turn to, make it possible, use, achieve, old, appliance, most recent, energy, different, investigation, progress, quality, provide, lower.
VI. Match the words with their opposites, like the example:
| usual | unusual |
| a) future | 1) save |
| b) unlimited | 2) narrow |
| c) with | 3) backward |
| d) waste | 4) increase |
| e) necessary | 5) worsen |
| f) wide | 6) past |
| g) cover | 7) disappear |
| h) consume | 8) limited |
| i) reduce | 9) produce |
| j) improve | 10) vague |
| k) expensive | 11) unnecessary |
| l) advanced | 12) discharge |
| m) appear | 13) without |
| n) evident | 14) discover |
| o) charge | 15) cheap |
VII. Match the verbs from a with the nouns from b.
a) develop
accumulator
solve
offer
transform
improve
need
replace
light
charge
design
double
b) consumption
solar power stations
streets
energy
new appliances
wind power
a problem
the efficiency of
transmission shafts
a new source of energy
service
a battery
VIII. Complete the sentences with the words given below.
1. Electricity has many useful: it is clean andno by-products. 2.The latest laser devices have foundin medicine. 3. Theof electricity has doubled every ten years. 4. We have many various electricin our houses. 5. The generatorbatteries that had been used before. 6. That electricity is clean and easily-regulated is its great. 7. Our lives have been completely transformed withof electricity. 8. A combination of electric lines and networks are beingthroughout the country. 9. Electric power has become. 10. Theof nation development is how much electricity is consumed per capita.
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Advantage, appliances, universal, set up, appearance, indicator, replaced, application, properties, consumption, generates.
IX. Translate into English.
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
A. Text Study
I. Is look at the title. What do you think this reading will be about?
Text A
ELECTRICITY
It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.
Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.
With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys1 in the 19th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances2 have become a part of our everyday lives.
Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.
The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator a new compact source of electricity was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.
Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors3 were designed.
Since the beginning of the 20-th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
Today consumption of electricity per capita4 is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.
One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products5. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly6 electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.
Notes to the Next
1) transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys , ,
2) time and labour saving appliances ,
3) induction motors
4) per capita
5) by-products
6) truly
II. Read the text again carefully and answer the questions.
1. Why is it simply impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity?
2. What industrial applications of electricity do you know?
3. What home applications of electricity can you recollect?
4. Where was the generator developed?
5. What devices did the generator replace?
6. Who invented the electric lamp?
7. Do you know who invented the dynamo?
8. When did the successful development of electricity begin?
9. What does the consumption of electricity per capita indicate today?
10. Why has electricity replaced other sources of energy?
11. What spheres of human activity do applications of electricity cover?
12. What recent technological advances does electricity provide?
III. Which of the vocabulary units used in paragraphs 1, 2, 4 and 5 could be regarded as international words?
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IV. Read the translation of the last paragraph. Compare it with the original and say if everything is right.
, , . , . , . .
V. Find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations in paragraphs 4-7.
, , , , , , , , , ,
VI. Find passages about industrial applications of electricity and translate them into Russian.
VII. Choose a passage and read it aloud (1-2 minutes).
VIII. Find out the subject-matter and the means of its secondary expression. e.g. I like your report on electricity. It is made with great enthusiasm.
IX. Find key words, phrases and the topic sentences which express the general meaning of each paragraph best of all.
X. Using the information obtained from the paragraphs make a plan of the text.
XI. Speak about electricity and its applications using key words, phrases, the topic sentences and the plan of the text.
B. Text Study
I. Look at the title of the text. Make your predictions about the content of it. Read the text and answer the questions.
a) How is the problem of power supply for distant areas being solved at present?
b) What are the advantages of solar power?
Text B
SOLAR LIGHT BY NIGHT
Most people living in towns consider it a usual thing that streets are lit at night. But street lights need a power supply ( ) therefore distant areas with no source of electricity remain in darkness until the sun comes up again.
With new appliances now offered by several British firms, many distant places could be lit with solar-powered street lights. It may seem strange that the lamps can use the power of the sun which shines by day when the lamps are needed at night, but they work by using energy accumulated during the day from a solar panel. The solar panel produces electricity which charges a battery. When the sun goes down the battery power is then used for lighting. Each lamp has its own panel so the system can be used for one individual light or a number of them.
In the south of Saudi Arabia a motorway tunnel miles from any power supply is lit day and night by solar-powered devices. The solar panels provide power during the day and charge batteries which accumulate enough power to light the tunnel at night. The generation of electricity by batteries is still expensive but the advantage of sun-powered lamps is that they can bring light to areas distant from any other power supply.
There is one more advantage of solar power: not only it is unlimited, but also its use does not pollute the environment. That is why it is very important to develop devices which make it possible to transform solar power into mechanical or electric forms of power.
II. Read the text and define whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Street lights do not need a power supply nowadays.
2. Distant areas with a source of electricity never remain in darkness.
3. With new appliances now offered by several American firms, many distant places could be lit with solar-powered street lights.
4. A motorway tunnel in Saudi Arabia is lit day and night by wind-powered devices.
5. The generation of electricity by batteries is rather expensive.
6. There is one more disadvantage of solar power: its use does not pollute the environment.
7. The development of devices which make it possible to transform solar power into mechanical or electric forms of power is very important.
III. Expand the sentences.
1. Distant areas with no source of electricity remain in darkness.
2. Several British firms have offered new appliances.
3. The lamps can use the power of the sun at night.
4. Each lamp has its own panel.
5. The generation of electricity by batteries is still expensive.
IV. Now decide which of the following statements express important ideas or supporting details for this reading.
1. a) Streets in cities, towns and some villages are lit at night.
b) Street lights need a power supply.
c) The sun does not shine at night.
2. a) Electricity is a source of light as well as heat.
b) Almost all metals are good conductors of electricity.
c) Several British firms have offered new devices using solar light.
3. a) No other source of energy has been so widely used as electricity.
b) The solar panel produces electricity which charges the battery.
c) Each lamp has its own solar panel.
4. a) Solar power is beneficial means of energy.
b) One of the advantages of solar power is that it doesnt pollute the environment.
c) Sun-powered lamps can bring light to areas distant from any other power supply.
V. Find the words and word combinations carriers of the primary and the secondary information in paragraphs 3 and 4.
VI. Define the function of commas and a colon in paragraphs 2 and 4.
VII. Find out the means of connection between clauses, parts of the sentence and sentences.
VIII. Arrange the sentences in the logical order according to the text.
1. Solar power is unlimited.
2. The solar panel produces electricity which charges a battery.
3. A motorway tunnel in Saudi Arabia is lit day and night by solar-powered devices.
4. Streets in cities and towns are lit at night.
5. The generation of electricity by batteries is still expensive.
6. Solar power does not pollute the environment.
7. Distant areas with no source of electricity remain in darkness.
8. When the sun goes down the battery power is then used for lighting.
IX. Give the main points of the text in 4-5 sentences.
C. Text Study
I. Translate the text into Russian.
Text C
NON-TRADITIONAL RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
It is known that much is being done in the world today for the development of non-traditional sources of energy. Without them the Earth cannot support its present population of 5 billion people and probably 8 billion people in the 21st century.
Now we are using traditional power sources, that is oil, natural gas, coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50 billion barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not unlimited.
That is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.
One of the most promising () research is the development of power stations with direct transformation of solar energy into electricity on the basis of photoeffect. It was Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric battery of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0.5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being intensively developed in many countries.
However, the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably reduced because of the limited time of its work during the year. But it is possible to improve the efficiency of solar power station by developing different combinations of solar power stations and traditional onesthermal, atomic and hydraulic. Today some engineers are working at the problem of developing electric power stations with the use of a thermal-chemical cycle. It will operate on products of the transformation of solar energy, whereas the solar chemical reactor uses CO2 and water steam of the thermal power station. The result is that we have a closed cycle.
All these advances in developing new sources of energy and improving the old ones help to solve the energy problem as a whole and they do not have negative effects on the environment.
Grammar Study
should would
| Should | Would |
| 1 | 2 |
| 1. , Future in the Past ( ). | |
| I said that I should come in time. , . | He said that he would come in time. , . |
| 2. , . ) | |
| We should introduce this method if it were efficient. , . | They would introduce this method if it were efficient. , . |
| ) | |
| its important (), necessary (), required (), desirable () . that It is necessary that you should finish your work on time. . suggest (), insist (),demand (), recommend () . that He insists that you should do it at once. , . We took a taxi so that we should not miss the train. , . | to wish I wish she would come soon. (impossible wish for a future change) , . (, ) ( , ). |
| ) To go there would be useless. . |
| 1 | 2 |
| 3. | |
| ) , You should be always polite. You should not tell lies. . ; ) ( ) You shouldnt have done it. ; ) You should see a doctor. ( ) ) , . He should be at home now. , , . | ) , ( ) She was going away and would not tell us where she was going. , ; ) , I asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it. , , |
| ( ) Grandma would always make me porridge for breakfast. (: used to) () Would you / Would you mind? Would you open the door, please? ? ? ? |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Since | (+, , ) We havent seen him since the end of the week. () . | - We havent seen him since he moved to Moscow. , - Since the lunchroom was full, she sat at our table. , . | - We havent seen him since. . |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| For | : 1) I shall stay there for some days. 2) This story is written for children. 3) for 20 dollars 20$ 4) for many reasons . | We cant start the engine for there is no fuel in the tank. , .. . | - |
| As | 1) As the train was approaching the station, we went to the platform. , . 2) As it was getting dark, I took the tram. , .. . 3) She did exactly as I told her. , . 4) We were going up the road as fast as we could. , . | He works as an engineer. -. | |
| Because | They couldnt start the experiment earlier because all the necessary equipment hadnt been installed. , . | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Because of | We have chosen this woolen sweater because of its good quality. - . | ||
| As well as | He came as well as John. , . ( , ) | ||
| As to | They inquired as to the actual reason of his late arrival. () . | ||
| Due to | This is due to the raise of temperature. - () . |
to be due to (predicative )
Flight BA 502 from Miami is due to arrive in a few minutes.
, -502 .
: ) :since, for, as, because; ) : since, as; ) : as.
Bothand, eitheror, neithernor.
.
I am fond of music, both ancient and modern.
My sister and I both helped him.
Either I or he will go.
Neither he nor I went.
, , .
, .
, .
.
, . , , . , should, would, may, might . , , , Past Perfect .
it is necessary, it is required .; order, command, suggest, insist, wish; .
It is required that pupils should come in time.
I suggest that you should read it yourself.
I wish I had that book.
We wished they would tell us everything.
Write down all these words lest you should forget them.
If you were more attentive, youd study better.
, .
, .
,
, .
, .
, .
| / | / | ||
| 1. | , , ; | If unless even if but for in case etc | , .. |
| 2. - | 1) , 2) , ; , ; | ||
| 3. - | , , , , , , . |
, , . . , . : If she had finished it yesterday, she wouldnt be doing it now.
, .
/ : if, provided . . , had, were, could, might, should. .
: , . - Should he come, let him wait for me.
, . Were she a specialist in this field, we should show her the new installation.
, , ,
,
| must + ( ) must + ( ) | You must be hungry after such a long walk. , , . She must have been very worried when she heard about the accident. , , , . | ||||
| , | cant / couldnt + ( ) cant / couldnt + ( ) cant , , must | Surely she cant be fifty. She looks much younger. , 50. . You cant have locked the door. It was open when I came home , . , . It cant be true. It must be a lie. . , . | |||
| , , | Ought to / should + ( ) | Has Jim come yet? He ought to / should have come an hour ago. ? . | |||
| Can + | There can be a thunderstorm today. Baby tigers look cuddly, but in fact they can be very dangerous. , , . , , . | ||||
| , - (, ) | may (not) might (not) / could + ( ) may (not) / might (not) / could + ( ) | Look on that shelf, your scarf may/might/could be there. , , . I wont phone now, they may/might/could be having lunch. , , . She looks very unhappy. She may/might/could have lost her job. . , . | |||
| () | |||||
| , / | Ought to / should + ( ) | There ought to/should be much fruit this year. , . | |||
may. :
Can she? Could he? Is she likely to? Is it likely that? Might he?
: ? Is he likely to win?
I. Translate into Russian.
A
1. If you study hard, you will pass your exams successfully.
2. If I stay here, I shall take part in your work.
3. He will achieve better results provided he applies this method.
4. In case we fulfill this task, we shall write an article.
5. My report will be ready tomorrow, providing I have all the necessary materials.
B
1. If he were present at the lecture, he would not make so many mistakes in this paper.
2. He would finish his project unless he were ill.
3. We should do our best to show our skill provided we were given this work.
4. If they had time, they would complete the work sooner.
5. In case I saw him, I could speak to him.
C
1. He could have made that great discovery earlier if he had had better conditions for work.
2. I should not have agreed to take part in your research unless I had been sure of its significance.
3. In case I have understood the importance of the matter, I should have acted differently.
4. Unless they had studied programming, they would not have compiled the program.
5. If the mechanic had been there, he might have repaired the device.
II. Write these sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. If you drove more carefully, you (not have) so many accidents.
If you drove more carefully, you wouldnt have so many accidents.
2. If he (get up) earlier, hed get to work on time.
If he got up earlier, hed get to work on time.
3. If we (have) more time, I could tell you more about it.
4. If you (sell) more products, youd earn more money.
5. I could help you if you (trust) me more.
6. His car would be a lot safer if he (buy) some new tyres.
7. I wouldnt mind having children if we (live) in the country.
8. If I (be) you, I wouldnt worry about going to university.
9. If I (have) any money, Id give you some.
10. Your parents (be) a lot happier if you phoned them more often.
11. Where would you like to live if you (not live) in Paris?
12. What would you do if you suddenly (win) half a million pounds?
13. Would you mind it if I (not give) you the money I owe you today?
14. If I had to go to hospital, I (not go) to this one.
III. Define grammar functions of should and would in the following sentences:
Modal verbs:
Reported speech:
Subjective Mood (and Conditionals):
1. When Marta was younger she would work day and night to feed her family. Time and again I would see her coming very tired.
2. We should finish the work in time, provided they had necessary equipment.
3. We waited till evening, but the thunderstorm would not cease.
4. We assured our supervisor that we should be able to overcome all the difficulties in our research.
5. The measurements should have been made with greater accuracy.
6. Had you reached an agreement on the problem, the results would have been obtained by now.
7. You should take more exercise, the doctor said.
8. Tom promised his father that he would clean the car the following day.
9. I dont have time, but if I had more time, I would go to the gym.
10. It is very important that you should take part in the discussion.
11. Everybody required that the new methods of management should be taken into consideration while making the program.
12. Would you mind typing this report for me?
13. He asked me when they would be through with that experiment.
14. I wish that this new method would be applied.
15. You should be hungry now.
IV. Define the functions of since, as, for, because, because of.
1. I have a small car because its more economic to run.
2. But economics as an academic discipline is relatively new.
3. A basic understanding of economics is essential for citizens.
4. Since that time the subject has developed rapidly.
5. Hes been running the company for ten years.
6. Because there are no others to consult, the owner has absolute control over the use of the companys resources.
7. Its a pity we havent made any calculations since.
8. People accept money in exchange for goods and services.
9. At the same time money also acts as a unit of accounts.
10. Since time is money, make sure your system is comprehensible.
11. As our knowledge grows and we increase our skill, we can exploit more and more of opportunities that nature offers to us.
12. Ive bought this house because of its external.
13. She is not so quiet now as she was in her childhood.
1. Prepositions 2. Conjunctions 3. Adverbs
Key
Unit I
I.
| a) filament current cathode diode grid oxide plate | a) increase invention electron substantial apply control emit supply | b) utilize insulate amplifier rectifier evacuate |
II. 1-f; 2-c; 3-b; 4-a; 5-d; 6-e; 7-g; 8-h; 9-i; 10-j.
III. a) 1-b; 2-c; 3-a
b) 1-b
c) 1-b
V. Substantial, active, static, utilizable, chargeable, circuitous, electronic, inventive.
VI To amplify to strengthen, enclosure fencing, flow current, to supply to provide, tube valve, power energy, substantial real, to act to do, to apply to use, to cause to occasion, to coat to cover, to control to regulate, to emit to radiate, to place to put, to state to confirm.
VII a-4; b-3; c-5; d-1; e-2; f-6; g-7; h-8; i-9; g-10.
Grammar Study
I. a) do you go
d) are you waiting
a) doesnt know
b) Im having
c) do you leave
d) is happening
e) do you know
f) Im having
g) doesnt work
h) are you doing
II. a) does Sue Live
b) you know Jim
c) are you doing at the moment
d) you sitting here
d) we change trains here
e) are you wearing two pullovers
f) David staving with Tom
g) does Kate come home
III. a) Naomi Bill arent watching television.
b) Peter doesnt like chocolate cake.
c) Carol doesnt drive a little red sports car.
a) Im not using this pencil at the moment.
b) The children arent having lunch in the kitcher.
c) The sun doesnt set in the east.
d) I dont get up early on Saturday.
e) Kate isnt writing a novel.
f) Sue doesnt live in London.
g) We arent waiting for you.
IV. a) 2
b) 1
c) 1
d) 2
e) 1
f) 2
g) 2
h)1
V. a) I dont believe
b) has
c) Im leaving
d) are you doing
e) You are being
f) Im driving
g) are we eating
h) tastes
i)are you going
J)I dont understand
d) understand
VI. 1) hate
2) are you going with
3) do you wear
4) think
5) doesnt usually sit
6) are you looking at
7) does this bus stop
8) am not taking/is giving
9) eats
10) Do you know
11) are you staring
12) do you speak
13) is staying
14) are putting
15) Are they speaking
VII. a) B:2; b) B:2; c) B:1; d) B:1; e) B:1; f) B:1.
VIII. 1) is goining / is going to join
2) wont be
3) will snow
4) am goinig out
5) are going to knock
6) will probably ride
7) is going to give / is giving
8) am going
9) are going to hit
10) will probably win
Unit II
I. a) technical, system, process, program, sequence, logical, modern, govern
b) machine, industrial, control, importance, objective, employment, fulfill, require, technique
c) possibility, automatic, information, subdivision, computation, reliability
II. solve problems
pave the way
develop principles
work out the algorithms
perform operations
fulfill the program
utilize techniques
govern processes
transmit information
IX. 1) technical possibilities
2) cybernetics
3) engineering sciences
4) technical cybernetics
5) objectives
6) control algorithms
7) programs
8) systems
9) are applied
Text B
VIII. B E D A C
Unit III
I.
a) problem, mobile, ticket, message, user, nowadays, Internet, cellular, ordinary, telephone, tendency, different, wireless.
b) mankind, technology, transmit, compare, conception, enormous, expose, device.
c) communication, apparatus, operation, application, exhibition, electronic, television.
II.
1 h; 2 j; 3 f; 4 k; 5 b; 6 g; 7 e; 8 d; 9 a; 10 c; 11 i.
III.
| a) 1. c. 2. a. 3. b. 4. a. | b) 1. a. 2. c. 3. c. 4. b. | c) 1. a. 2. c. 3. a. 4. b. 5. a. | d) 1. b. 2. a. 3. b. 4. a. |
V.
Technological, electronic, operational, speedy, spherical (spheric), voiceless, helpful (helpless), theatrical, sensible (sensless), breakable.
VI.
1/h; 2/d; 3/k; 4/a; 5/l; 6/b; 7/j; 8/e; 9/o; 10/f; 11/c; 12/i; 13/g; 14/m; 15/n.
VII.
a/7; b/6; c/1; d/9; e/2; f/8; g/4; h/10; i/3; j/5.
IX.
1. cellular; 2. know-how; 3. subscribers; 4. non-business; 5. data; 6. Mobile, communication; 7. Web; 8. Internet, video; 9. net; 10. electronic.
Text Study. Text B.
VIII.
2, 5, 1, 4, 3
Grammar Study
Perfect
I.
1) Has your sister written
2) have had
3) has never seen
4) has stolen
5) have not slept
6) have just broken
7) hasnt won
8) Have you ever eaten
II.
1) always
2) ever
3) just
4) yet
5) for
6) never
7) so far
8) often
9) already
III.
a) havent been on a plane
b) my pen has
c) have left
d) have just seen
e) havent finished (writing)
f) you been to South America
g) have left
h) have not spoken
i) Anna/she woken
IV.
1) went/found/had stolen
2) met/knew/had met
3) got off/was walking/realized/had left
V.
a) had broken
b) wanted
c) had stolen
d) thought
e) had done
f) needed
g) did not know
h) had flown
i) had been
j) took place
VI.
a) 2/4, b) 1, c) 8, d) 3, e) 5, f) 2/4, g) 7.
Perfect Continuous
I.
1) has just stolen
2) left
3) I lost
4) Ive decided
5) Its started
6) have visited
7) Ive been standing
8) has been
9) went
II.
1) Have you seen
2) have been studying/have not finished
3) have been phoning/has gone
4) Have you heard/has robbed
5) Have broken/has written
III.
1) has gone
2) have been learning
3) havent finished
4) just left
5) have written / have finished
6) havent been
7) havent eaten
8) forgotten
9) has changed
V.
1) They had been playing football.
2) Somebody had been smoking in the room.
3) She had been dre
