1. Present Perfect Continuous.
, .
: for an hour ( ), for a long time ( ), since five oclock ( ) .., , , .
2. Past Perfect Continuous.
, .
: for two hours ( ), for three months ( ), for a long time (, ) .. , , .
3. Future Perfect Continuous.
, . .
I. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
Model: I live here/ I have lived here since the end of last year.
1. Someone has just stolen/has just been stealing my bicycle.
2. Im afraid the last train left/has left an hour ago.
3. Yesterday I lost/have lost my wallet.
4. Thank you for your offer, but Ive decided/I decided not to accept it.
5. Take your umbrella with you. Its started/It started raining.
6. Were enjoying our trip. We have visited/visited two countries so far.
7. Im standing here/Ive been standing here for hours and I feel tired.
8. This has been/was a busy day and it isnt over yet!
9. I feel really tired. We went/have been to a party last night.
II. Complete each mini-dialogue, using the verbs given, in either present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.
Model: A: Terminator 2 is on at the Rex?
(you see) Have you seen it?
B: No, not yet. Shall we go? I (look forward) am looking forward to seeing it.
1) A: Whats the matter? You look really tired!
B: I am! I (study) _____ all day, and I (not finish) _____ yet.
A: Oh well, time for a break.
2) A: I (phone) _____ Carol all day, but theres no reply.
B: I expect she (go) _____ swimming with her friends.
3) A: (you hear) _____ the news?
B: What news?
A: Someone (rob) _____ the bank at the end of the road.
4) A: Why is your leg in plaster?
B: Thats a silly question! I (break) _____ it, of course.
A: Someone (write) _____ Time for a break on the plaster!
III. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
Model: I came to live here three months ago.
I have been living here for three months.
1. Mary is out at the shops at the moment.
Mary _____ to the shops.
2. I have had French lessons since March.
I _____ French since March.
3. Im still reading this book.
I _____ reading this book yet.
4. Paul left the room a moment ago.
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Paul has _____ the room.
5. Ten of the letters are ready.
I _____ ten letters so far.
6. Its ages since I last went to the cinema.
I _____ to the cinema for ages.
7. This is the first time Ive eaten snails.
I _____ snails before.
8. I dont remember Helens phone number.
I have _____ Helens phone number.
9. David has a different opinion now.
David _____ his mind.
IV. Answer the questions according to the model:
Have you been staying here long? (for a month)
I have been staying here for a month.
1. Has he been talking about his plan long? (all these days) 2. Have children been swimming long? (for half an hour) 3. Have they been working in the garden long? (since 10oclock) 4. Have you been watching TV long? (for two hours) 5. Has he been sitting here long? (for a long time) 6. Have you been looking for the book long? (the whole day) 7. Had it been raining long? (for a week) 8. Has it been snowing long? (since yesterday) 9. Have you been translating the article long? (for three hours) 10. Have you been working long? (since early morning)
V. Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.
Model: I was very tired when I arrived home.
(I/work/hard all day) I had been working hard all day.
1) The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired.
(they/play/football) __________________________.
2) There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.
(somebody/smoke/in the room) _____________________.
3) Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didnt know where she was.
(she/dream) ______________________.
4) When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(he/watch/TV) _________________.
VI. Read the situation and complete the sentences.
Model: We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain.
We had been playing for half an hour when it started to rain.
1. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realized that I was in the wrong restaurant.
I _____________ for 20 minutes when I ______________.
2. Sarah got a job in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down.
At the time factory ____________, Sarah ________________ there for five years.
3. I went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting.
The orchestra __________ when _____________.
4. This time make your own sentence: I began walking along the road.
I ________________ when _______________.
VII. Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing),
past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing).
Model: It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours were having (have) a party.
Model: We were good friends. We had known (know) each other for a long time.
1. John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he ___________ (walk) so fast.
2. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She ________ (run).
3. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They __________ (eat).
4. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full. They ________ (eat).
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5. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ______ (look) for his contact lens.
6. When I arrived, Kate _______ (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she ___________ (wait) for a very long time.
7. I was sad when I sold my car. I _________ (have) it for a very long time.
8. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ________ (travel) for more than 24 hours.
to do
(to do did done)
| 1 | 2 |
| 1. : , , , . | An electric motor does mechanical work. . |
| 2. : ) Present, Past Indefinite; ) ; ) . | - Do you know how to use this device? - Yes, I do. , ? . - Did you see this film yesterday? - No, I didnt. ? . Dont use this tool, it is broken. , . Only then did he understand his mistake. . We do realize what great importance this discovery has for the future work. , . |
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| 3. ( ). | The last experiments gave us much better results than did the previous ones. , . |
Unit IV
Data Transport and Means of Communication
Vocabulary Study
Word List
Nouns and noun phrases
| 1. aerial 2. application 3. availability 4. bandwidth 5. bursts of light 6. capacity 7. compression 8. consumer 9. core 10. fiber 11.limitation 12. link-up 13. medium (pl.media) 14. mode 15. range 16. rate 17. strand of hair 18. transport 19. trunk line | - - ; - ; - - - , - - - , - - - , - , - , - , - , - - () - |
Verbs and verbal phrases
| 1. explode 2. handle 3. increase 4. launch 5. multiply 6. relay 7. transmit 8. utilize | - - - , () - - (); - () - - |
Adjectives and adverbs
| 1. assorted 2. currently 3. digital 4. du jour 5. internal 6. wireless | - , - - - (.) - - , - |
I. Read and translate the following words. Arrange them into the groups: a) with one stress or stress on the first syllable; b) with the stress on the second syllable; c) with two or more stresses.
Storage, capacity, media, availability, rate, device, trunk line, satellite, telecommunications, demand, transport, wireless, access, information, limitation, fiber-optic cable, application, bandwidth, consumer, core, transceiver, towards, link-up, decompression, handle, standard, button, increase, range, consider, burst of light, analog, telephone call, data, digital, relay, launch, site, copper wire.
II. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
| 1) aerial 2) transport 3) currently 4) communicate 5) availability 6) utilize 7) fiberglass 8) transmitter | a) apparatus for sending out radio/TV signals. b) readiness to be used. c) to make use of something. d) device for sending or receiving radio or television signals. e) strong material made of woven threads of glass. f) to move from one place to another. g) to pass information to someone/to be in touch with someone. h) at the present time; frequently. |
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III. Choose:
a) a noun
1. a) apply; b) application; c) applied; d) applicable.
2. a) transmitted; b) transmissible; c) transmit; d) transmission.
3. a) compressible; b) compress; c) compression; d) compressed.
4. a) communicative; b) communicable; c) communication; d)communicate.
b) a verb
1. a) multiply; b) multiple; c) multiplier; d) multiplication.
2. a) difference; b) different; c) differential; d) differ.
3. a) transportation; b) transportable; c) transport; d)transporter.
4. a) informative; b) inform; c) information; d) informer.
c) an adjective
1. a) solve; b) solvency; c) solvable; d) solvability.
2. a) access; b) accessible; c) accessibility; d) accession.
3. a) breakable; b) break; c) breaker; d) breakage.
4. a) normalize; b) norm; c) normal; d) normality.
d) an adverb
1. a) light; b) lighter; c) lightness; d) lightly.
2. a) close; b) closing; c) closely; d) closeness.
3. a) high; b) highly; c) higher; d) highness.
4. a) increase; b) increasing; c) increased; d) increasingly.
IV. Define the meaning of the x words. Convert: conversion = =: x. (: )
1) transmit: transmission = : x.
2) limit: limitation = : x.
3) compress: compression = : x.
4) apply: application = : x.
5) provide: provision = : x.
6) compute: computation = : x.
7) connect: connection = : x.
8) reflect: reflection = : x.
V. Make adjectives from the following nouns by adding the suffixes: -al, -ible, -ful, -less, -able and translate them into Russian.
Access, medium, use, wire, wonder, digit, transport, limit, break, norm, form.
VI. Arrange the words with similar meaning of the two groups in pairs.
a) device, transport, currently, apply, data, process, media, rate, link-up
b) utilize, means, apparatus, speed, handle, connection, transmit, at present, information.
VII. Match the words with their opposites.
| a) wire b) ability c) common d) compress e) limited f) increase g) necessary h) internal | 1) decrease 2) external 3) unlimited 4) disability 5) unnecessary 6) wireless 7) uncommon 8) decompress |
VIII. Match the verbs from a with the nouns from b.
| a) transport launch increase click on reflect exchange develop base on | b) letters button principle data network satellite light speed |
IX. Complete the sentences with the words given below.
1. The telecommunications age increases for greater bandwidth and more storage capacity.
2. There are different methods of such as telephone lines, wireless communications, etc.
3. Communications satellites a worldwide link-up of radio, telephone and television.
4. The transceivers information to each other via radio signals.
5. The transmission is based on the principle of total internal reflection.
6. In fiber-optic cables information is carried in the form of bursts of light.
7. The Internet contains assorted media, computers and .
8. Limitations exist in every of transport a user chooses.
Relay, mode, digital, the demand, applications, fiber-optic, provide, data transport.
X. Translate into English.
1. .
2. .
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3. - , .
4. .
5. , .
6. .
7. 1980- .
8. .
A. Text Study
a. Look at the title. What do you think this reading will be about? Read the text and define its main idea.
Text A
DATA TRANSPORT THROUGH A SPEEDY WORLD
One hundred years ago people communicated exchanging letters, fifty years ago it was a telephone call, and in the 1980s personal computers and fax machines were the technology du jour (). In the telecommunications age, the demand for greater bandwidth, more storage capacity, and accelerated data transport speeds is increasing faster than you can click on your send button. When choosing a transport medium you should consider the amount of bandwidth that is guaranteed (bandwidth is the ability to transport data). Different ranges of bandwidth are necessary for different applications.
The most common methods of data transport are telephone lines, wireless communications, the Internet and fiber optics. A standard telephone line can only handle 56k (one k = 1000 bits); most standard wireless systems can give 10Mb of bandwidth. Todays highest speed on the Internet is 45Mb/sec on major trunk lines, and most Internet users access the Web at around 56K. Fiber has closed to unlimited bandwidth and can be broken up into many streams of light carrying 194 Mb.
Since the early 1960s when the first communications satellite was launched, the satellite aerial/wireless industry has exploded. Communications satellites provide a worldwide link-up of radio, telephone and television.
The wireless system consists of a receiver and transmitter located at each end of the connecting sites. These transceivers relay information to each other via radio signals.
Telephone line is the most commonly used communications device. With todays transmission of video and data, a standard telephone line has only enough bandwidth to transmit 56 k data and either analog or digital voice. In order to transmit video over telephone lines, a CODEC (a compression / decompression device that breaks up the video and data into packets) is required.
As digital trend grows, copper wire utilized for long distances has been replaced by glass cables as thin as strand of hair. Fiber-optic cable offers increased call-carrying capacity, higher speed, and greater transmission quality. The fiber-optic transmission is based on the principle of total internal reflection. Light travels inside the core of the fiber and reflects any light trying to escape from the core. Fiber-optic cable carries information in the form of digital bursts of light, at data rates that are thousands of times greater than those of normal phone lines.
The Internet is a network that contains assorted media, computers, and applications. Today the Internet is over-utilized and bandwidth is limited. As the number of online users multiplies, the amount of space on the Web and the bandwidth availability decrease.
Internet II, a higher speed network currently being developed, may go a long way towards solving these problems.
No matter which mode of transport a consumer chooses, limitations exist in every one of them. It is important to understand how to get the most from a chosen medium.
II. Read the text again carefully and answer the questions.
1. How did people communicate before the advent of personal computers and fax machines?
2. What requirements are increasing in the telecommunications age?
3. What should you consider when choosing a mode of transport?
4. What methods of data transmission do you know?
5. Why has wireless industry exploded since 1960s?
6. What is required to transmit video over telephone lines?
7. What has been replaced by glass cable?
8. What beneficial effects does fiber-optic cable have?
9. What principle is the fiber-optic transmission based on?
10. Why is the Internet over-utilized?
11. What is Internet II?
12. Is there a transport medium without any limitations?
III. Which of the vocabulary units used in paragraphs 1-2 could be regarded as international words?
IV. Read the translation of the sixth paragraph. Compare it with the original and say if everything is right.
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VI.Find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations in paragraph 6.
, , - , , , , , -, .
V. Find the passage about data transmission over telephone lines and translate it into Russian.
VII.Choose a passage and read it aloud (1-2 minutes).
VIII.Find complex grammar structures in the text and divide them into simple ones.
IX. Find out the subject-matter and the means of its secondary expression. e.g. Betty has a temperature. Give her some tablets.
X.Find key words, phrases and the topic sentences which express the general meaning of each paragraph best of all.
XI. Using the information obtained from the paragraphs make a plan of the text.
XII.Speak about various transport media available, their limitations and benefits using key words, phrases, the topic sentences and the plan of the text.
B. Text Study
I. Look at the title of the text. Make your predictions about the content of it. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What is radio communication?
2. What are the main components of radio?
3. What is the difference between radio waves and other waveforms?
Text B
RADIO COMMUNICATION
Radio communication is the transfer of high-frequency energy from the transmitter to the receiver without wires.
Radio is a device that transmits and receives signals and programs by electromagnetic waves. Since the process of radio communication includes transmission and reception of signals, the necessary components of radio are a transmitter and a receiver.
The transmitter is a device that produces radio-frequency energy. The main parts of a transmitter are a high-frequency oscillator including an oscillatory circuit and one or more amplifiers. In modern transmission electron tubes are used to amplify currents and give greater transmitting range and better reception.
The receiver is a device that receives waves sent out by a transmitter. Radio receiver demodulates the waves and they are heard as speech, music and signals.
Electric oscillations are produced in the antenna of the transmitter. They travel in all directions.
Radio waves are electric waves of very high frequency; they travel through space at the speed of light. They differ from other waveforms only in frequency (number of vibrations per second).
II. Read the text and define whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Radio communication means the transfer of high-frequency energy along the wires.
2. The main components of radio are a transmitter and a receiver.
3. The transmitter consists only of some amplifiers.
4. Radio waves are low-frequency electric waves.
5. Radio waves differ from other waveforms in wavelength.
III. Expand the sentences.
1. Radio communication is a communication without wires.
2. Radio is a device for transmitting and receiving signals and programs by electromagnetic waves.
3. A transmitter and a receiver are the main elements of radio.
4. Radio waves are electric waves of very high frequency.
IV Now decide which of the following statements express important ideas or supporting details for this reading.
1. a) Radio is a device that transmits and receives signals by electromagnetic waves.
b) The process of radio communication includes transmission and reception of signals.
c) The necessary components of radio are a transmitter and a receiver.
2. a) The receiver is a device that receives waves sent out by a transmitter.
b) Radio receiver demodulates the waves.
c) Demodulated waves are heard as speech, music and signals.
3. a) Radio waves are electric waves of high frequency.
b) The travelling speed of radio waves through space is equal to the speed of light.
c) Radio waves differ from other waveforms in frequency.
V. Find the words carriers of the primary and the secondary information in paragraph 3.
VI. Define the function of commas in the text.
VII. Find out the means of connection between clauses, parts of the sentence and sentences.
VIII. Arrange the sentences in the logical order according to the text.
1. In up-to-date transmission electron tubes are utilized to amplify currents.
2. Radio waves travel through space at the speed of light.
3. The main parts of the transmitter include a high-frequency oscillator and one or more amplifiers.
4. Radio communication is the transfer of high-frequency energy without wires.
5. The waves are demodulated by radio receiver and heard as speech, music and signals.
IX. Give the main points of the text in 4-5 sentences.
C. Text Study
I. Translate the text into Russian.
Text C
TELEGRAPH
Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his interesting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very important question: could the electricity be used to develop a fast, efficient system of long-distance communication? Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a very long piece of wire. But a note that was written on a piece of paper couldnt be put into a wire. How could electricity be used to send a message? A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move a needle from left to right and that the needle could be pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837 two English scientists sent a message by electric telegraph for a distance of more than 1.6 kilometers.
Samuel Morse, an American portrait painter, was experimenting with an electric telegraph too. At first he connected a pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be sent in sound.
On May 24, 1844, the first long-distance message was sent by telegraph for 64 kilometers.
Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861 telegraph wires stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe too, Samuel Morses system became popular.
But telegraph wires couldnt be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed.
The Atlantic Telegraph Company which was organized in 1856 wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
The 4,000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time a new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland.
Later cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world.
Grammar Study
The Passive Voice
, , , , .
to be Participle II .
