There is no national system of higher education in the United States of America. One can get higher education in colleges and universities. There are over 2 100 different higher educational institutions in the USA. The course of study usually lasts 4 years. The academic year is usually 9 months or 2 terms. As a rule, classes begin in September and end in June. It is interesting that the first-year students are called freshmen.
Students choose a major subject and take many courses in this subject. After four years, they get a traditional Bachelor’s degree. Then the students may go on to graduate school (старшие курсы) and after a year or two get a Master’s degree.
The highest degree is usually Doctor of Philosophy. The student’s progress is evaluated by means of tests, term work and final examinations in each course. Teachers usually give marks on a five point scale, where letters indicate the level of achievement. “A” is the highest mark.
The methods of instructions in the universities are lectures, discussions, laboratory and course works or seminars.
Most cities have colleges or universities that hold classes at night as well as in daytime. In this way people may work for a degree or just take a course in the subject that interests them.
Text 6
Washington University
The University of Washington was founded in 1861. It is one of the oldest state-supported institutions of higher education on the Pacific coast. The university includes three campuses: the Seattle campus, the Bothell campus and the Tacoma campus. The academic core of the University of Washington is its College of Arts and Sciences.
Washington University offers full-time courses, distance learning, evening-degree courses. Such diversity of forms of study extends educational opportunities to many people. Programs in law, medicine, forest resources, oceanography and fisheries, library science, aeronautics are offered exclusively (in accord with the state law) by the University of Washington. The schools and colleges of agriculture and urban planning, business administration, education, engineering, nursing, pharmacy, public affairs, social work have long tradition of educating students for service to the region and
nation.
No wonder, that the admition to the University of Washington is highly competitive and the university offers programs and exchanges in over 50 countries of the world.
The head of the university is the president of the university. Now the president of the University of Washington is Mark A. Emmert. He believes the role of the administration is to shape the university in such a way that supports the work of the faculty and staff.
Since 1974 the University of Washington has been the number one public university in America in receiving federal support for research and training. Private support also helps the university to contribute some programs and researches.
Appendix 2
Tapescripts
Tapescript 1 to ex. 4.19
“ Living at University”
Most British students choose to go to university a long way from their home town: university is seen as a time to be independent, to live away from home and develop new interests.
British students do not have to pay to go to university, but they do need money to live away from home while they are studying. Some students whose parents do not earn a lot of money are given a grant (money) from the local education authority. If students do not get a grant, parents are expected to pay for their children. Some students borrow money from the bank which must be paid back after they leave university. In theory, the grant pays for rent, food, books, transport and socializing. In fact, the grant is not a lot of money.
Students used to work during the holidays to earn more money, but it is now difficult to find such jobs. The result is that more students are dropping out, failing to finish their courses.
Typescript 2 to ex. 4.20
“Universities and Colleges”
Most big towns in Britain have both a university and a college of higher education. There are 91 universities in Britain and 47 colleges of higher education. Universities offer three- and four-year degree courses; colleges of higher education offer both two-year HND (Higher National Diploma) courses, as well as degree courses.
A degree is the qualification you get from university when you pass your final exams. You are then awarded a BA (Bachelor of Arts), BSc (Bachelor of Science) or BEd (Bachelor of Education).
Undergraduates, students who are studying for degree, go to large formal lectures, but most of the work takes place in tutorials: lessons in groups of ten or more when the students discuss their work with the lecturer.
Module II
Problems of Big Cities
Unit I
Living in a Big City
1.1. Прочитайте и изучите слова и словосочетания.
| accommodation (n) [əkכmə´deı∫n] | – помещение, жилье, квартира | |
| advantage (n) [əd´va:ntıd3 ] | – преимущество | |
| advantage of (over) | – преимущество над … | |
| air (n) [εə] | – воздух | |
| fresh air | – свежий воздух | |
| be able to do smth | – уметь, мочь, быть в состоянии делать что-либо | |
| cheap (adj) [t∫ı:p] | – дешевый | |
| choice (n) [t∫כıs] | – выбор | |
| wide choice | – широкий выбор | |
| city (n) [´sıtı] | – большой город | |
| city centre [sıtı ´sentə] | – центр города | |
| city-dweller (n) [sıtı ´dwelə] | – горожанин, обитатель | |
| country (n) [´kLntrı] | – страна, деревня | |
| countryside (n) [´kLntrısaıd] | – сельская местность | |
| in the countryin the countryside | } | – за городом, в сельской местности, в деревне |
| crowd (n) [kraud] | – толпа | |
| be crowded | – быть переполненным | |
| expensive (adj) [ık´spensıv] | – дорогой, дорогостоящий | |
| feed (v) (fed, fed) [fı:d] | – кормить | |
| feel (v) (felt, felt) [fı:l] | – чувствовать | |
| feel bored [´fı:l ´bכ:d] | – наскучить | |
| feel lonely [´fı:l ´lounlı] | – чувствовать себя одиноким | |
| find (v) (found, found) [faınd] | – находить | |
| find accommodation | – найти жилье | |
| job (n) [d3כb] | – работа | |
| have a job | – иметь работу | |
| well-paid job | – хорошо оплачиваемая работа | |
| look for (v) [´luk ´fכ] | – искать | |
| noise (n) [nכız] | – шум | |
| noisy (adj) [´nכızı] | – шумный | |
| particularly (adv) [pə´tıkju:ləlı] | – особенно, в особенности | |
| pollute (v) [pə´lu:t] | – загрязнять | |
| polluted (p.II) [pə´lu:tıd] | – загрязненный | |
| pollution (n) [pə´lu:∫n] | – загрязнение | |
| prefer (v) [prə´fə:] | – предпочитать | |
| prefer peace | – предпочитать спокойствие | |
| relax (v) [rı´læks] | – расслабляться | |
| rush hour [´rL∫ auə] | – час пик | |
| space (n) [speıs] | – пространство | |
| open space | – свободное пространство | |
| town (n) [taun] | – небольшой город | |
| home town | – родной город | |
1.2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Do you live in a city, town or in the country?
2. Do you like your home city (town,country)? Why and why not?
3. Now you study and live in Novosibirsk. Is 8fbded42it a town or a city? Why do you think so?
4. What city (town) do you like better? Why?
1.3. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму прилагательных.
a) Novosibirsk is big.
Moscow is bigger.
Mexico is the biggest of the three cities.
b) The life in Novosibirsk is expensive.
The life in St. Petersburg is more expensive than in Novosibirsk.
The life is Moscow is the most expensive.
c) The accommodation in cities is expensive.
The accommodation in towns is less expensive.
The accommodation in the countryside is the least expensive. It is cheap.
1.4. Ответьте на вопросы, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных.
a) Is Moscow bigger than Novosibirsk?
Which city is the biggest? (Novosibirsk, Moscow, Mexico)
Is your home city (or town) bigger or smaller than Novosibirsk?
b) Is the life in St. Petersburg more expensive than in Novosibirsk?
Which is the most expensive city of the three? (Novosibirsk,
St. Petersburg, Moscow)
Is the life in your city (town) more expensive or cheaper than in
Novosibirsk?
1.5. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особые случаи образования степеней сравнения.
a) There are a lot of good places to relax in Novosibirsk.
Countryside is a better place to relax when it is hot.
I think the Black Sea coast is the best place to spend holiday on.
b) The weather is bad today.
Yesterday it was worse.
Last week it was the worst.
c) Novosibirsk is far from Moscow.
Krasnoyarsk is farther from Moscow than Novosibirsk.
Khabarovsk is the farthest of the three cities.
1.6. Прочитайте предложения, обращая внимание на использование сравнительных конструкций:
as…as, not so…as, not as… as.
a) The life in Novosibirsk is noisy.
The life in Ekaterinburg is as noisy as in Novosibirsk.
The life in Berdsk is not so noisy as in Novosibirsk.
b) The air in some cities is polluted.
The air in some industrial towns is as polluted as in some cities.
The air in the countryside is not as polluted as in cities.
1.7. Прочитайте прилагательные. Устно образуйте степени сравнения. Сгруппируйте их в три колонки в соответствии со способом образования степеней сравнения.
A B C
-er more особые
-est the most случаи
easy, good, many, expensive, difficult, cheap, dirty, young, old, little, bad, far
1.8. Прочитайте слова, относящиеся к интернациональной лексике, обращая внимание на ударения. Догадайтесь о значении этих слов.
public [´pLblık], transport [´trænspכ:t], restaurant [´rest(ə)rכnt], theatre [´θıətə], concert [´kכnsət], museum [mju:´zıəm], park [pα:k], plus [plLs], minus [´maınəs]
1.9. Прочитайте следующие пары предложений. Выберите то, которое вы считаете правильным. Приведите свои доводы, используя вводные фразы:
| I think | – я думаю | |
| as I know as far as I know | } | – насколько мне известно |
| in my opinion | – по моему мнению |
1. a) It is easier to find a well-paid job in a city than in a town.
b) It’s easier to find a well-paid job in the country than in a town.
2. a) There are few interesting things to do and places to see in a city.
b) It is particularly difficult to find good cheap accommodation in a city.
3. a) You can enjoy fresh air of the countryside.
b) If you want to relax it’s difficult to find a park in a city.
4. a) Public transport is never crowded in a city.
b) In the rush hour public transport is sometimes crowded and dirty.
1.10. Прочитайте вводные слова и фразы в колонке А и догадайтесь об их значении по синонимам в колонке В.
A B
on the plus side – on the positive side
for example – something used as a model
what is more – also, besides
for one thing – on the one hand
last of all – at last
in conclusion – in the end
all in all – on the whole
1.11. Прочитайте текст, выберите подходящее заглавие для каждого абзаца (один заголовок лишний).
1) Disadvantages of living in the city
2) Young people prefer to live in cities
3) Advantages of living in the city
4) Advantages of getting higher education
Living in the City
Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, it is often easier to find work, and there is usually a choice of public transport, so you don’t need1 to have a car. Also, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. For example, you can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, and go to the theatre and to concerts. What is more, if you want to relax you can usually find a park where you can feed the birds or just sit on a park bench and read a book.
However, for every plus there is a minus. For one thing, you might have a job, but if it is not very well-paid, you cannot have many things because living in a city is often very expensive. It is particularly difficult to find good, cheap accommodation. Public transport is sometimes crowded and dirty, particularly in the rush hour and even the parks can become very crowded, especially on Sundays when a lot of city-dwellers are looking for some open space and green grass. Last of all, despite2 all the crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.
In conclusion, I think that city life can be particularly interesting to young people, who like the excitement3 of the city and don’t mind4 the noise and pollution. However, many people, when they get older, and particularly when they have young children, often prefer the peace and fresh air of the countryside.
Слова и выражения к тексту:
1. you don’t need – вам не нужно
2. despite – не смотря на
3. excitement – оживленная жизнь
4. don’t mind – не обращают внимания
1.12. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты и прочитайте предложения с ними.
1. жизнь в городе имеет как достоинства, так и недостатки;
2. существует выбор общественного транспорта;
3. поэтому вам не нужно иметь свой автомобиль;
4. на каждый плюс существует свой минус;
5. все жители ищут какое-то свободное пространство;
6. не беспокоятся о шуме и загрязнении;
7. часто предпочитают спокойствие и свежий воздух сельской местности.
1.13. Найдите в тексте синонимы следующим словам и выражениям:
1. lots of people
2. flats and houses to live in
3. to have a rest
4. things that cost a lot of money
5. to choose what you like
6. can
7. especially
8. work or position
9. positive side
10. to give food
11. 60 minutes
12. time with heavy traffic
13. to make something dirty
14. empty area
15. area outside towns or cities
16. a loud or unpleasant sound
17. to try to find something
18. people who live in a city
1.14. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы (дайте краткий или полный ответы).
1. Where is it easier to find a well-paid job?
2. Are there any problems with public transport? What are they?
3. Where can you go to if you want to relax?
4. Living in a big city is very expensive, isn’t it? Why?
5. Is it difficult to find good cheap accommodation?
6. Why are parks crowded on Sundays?
7. Why do young people prefer city life?
8. Are big cities polluted and noisy?
9. Where do older people prefer to live in? Why?
1.15. Ответьте письменно на вопросы о жизни в небольших городах. Затем обсудите ваши ответы в группах.
1. Is it easy to get a well-paid job (good education)?
2. What do you think about public transport? Does it work well? Is it crowded and dirty in the rush hour?
3. Are there many interesting places to go to in free time? What are they? Where do people usually go to relax?
4. What do you know about pollution in towns? Is air (water, land) polluted or clean?
5. Can one easily find good and cheap accommodation or not?
6. It is very cheap to live in a town, isn’t it?
1.16. Заполните следующую таблицу, используя информацию текста и ответы упражнений 1.14, 1.15.
| Aspect | Living in a city | Living in a town |
| Job (education) | It is easier to find a well-paid job | It is difficult to find a well-paid job |
| Public transport | ||
| Free time activity, relaxation (rest) | ||
| Pollution | ||
| Cost of living | ||
| Cost of accommodation |
1.17. Дополните высказывания, используя условные предложения первого типа по образцу:
Пример:
If I have a lot of money, I’ll buy a flat in Moscow.
| If I have a choice, | I’ll live… I’ll prefer… I’ll go to… |
| If I have free time, | I’ll go to… I’ll visit… I’ll rest in… |
| If we live in the country, | we’ll often go to… we’ll build… we’ll enjoy… |
1.18. Расскажите, в каком городе (большом или малом) вы хотите жить. Почему? Используйте информацию таблицы и условные предложения I типа (10-12 предложений).
1.19. Напишите письмо своему другу о городе (о селе), где вы живете (150 – 200 слов). Используйте информацию таблицы и приведенные ниже вводные фразы.
1) It has both advantages and disadvantages
a) on the plus side…
b) what is more…
c) all in all…
2) However, for every plus there is a minus
a) for one thing…
b) but…
c) last of all…
3) In conclusion, I think…
1.20. Перед прослушиванием текста “Why I love this city” выполните упр. 1.20.1 и 1.20.2.
1.20.1. Прочитайте и переведите географические названия и имена собственные:
Dublin [´dLblın]
Ireland [´aıələnd]
The river Liffey [´lıfı]
Guiness [´gınıs] – торговая марка пива
Bob Geldob [´bכb´geldəf]
Sinead O’Connor [∫ə´neıd כ´kכnə]
Oscar Wilde [´כskə ´waıld]
George Bernard Shaw [´d3o:d3 ´bə:nəd ´∫כ:]
Games Joyce [´d3eımz ´d3כıs]
1.20.2. Прочитайте и запомните слова:
| bridge (n) [brıd3] | – мост |
| cream (n) [ krı:m] | – сливки, крем, пена |
| creamy (adj) [´krı:mı] | – сливочный, жирный |
| delicious (adj) [dı´lı∫əs] | – вкусный |
| famous [´feıməs] | – известный, знаменитый |
| Irish [´aırı∫] | – ирландский |
| kind (adj) [kaınd] | – добрый |
| pub (n) [pLb] | – паб, пивная |
Прослушайте запись текста и ответьте на вопросы (Tapescript 1, Appendix 3).
1. What is the text about?
2. What country is it located in?
3. What is it famous for?
1.22. Прослушайте запись ещё раз и скажите, соответствуют ли нижеприведённые предложения содержанию прослушанного:
| 1. Dublin is on the west coast of England. | True/False |
| 2. Dublin is famous for its beautiful bridges and parks. | True/False |
| 3. Dublin is known all over the world for its beer. | True/False |
| 4. You can't find people loving music, dance and poetry in Dublin. | True/False |
| 5. George Bernard Shaw lived Dublin. | True/False |
1.23. Подумайте и ответьте на вопрос заголовка текста“Why I love this city”, используя вводные фразы:
I think
I believe
I feel
I guess
As I know
In my opinion
To my mind
Прочитайте и поймите основное содержание текста.
London
London has a population of about 6,770,000. It lies on the River Thames. From about 1800 until the World War II, London was the biggest city in the world, but now there are many cities which are much bigger.
London is famous for many things. Tourists come from all over the world to visit its historic buildings, such as St Paul’s Cathedral and the Houses of Parliament, where you can see and hear the famous clock, Big Ben. They also come to visit its theatres, its museums, and its many shops.
Like many big cities, London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over 1,000,000 people a day use the London Underground, but there are still too many cars on the streets. The air isn’t clean, but it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. Until 1956, London was famous for its fog or ‘smog’, which is a mixture of smoke and fog.
The best thing about London is the parks. There are five parks in the city centre. But children’s favourite place is Hamleys, which is the biggest toyshop in the world. It is 200 years old.
Прочитайте географические названия и названия достопримеча-тельностей Лондона.
London [´lLndən]
The River Thames [´rıvə ´temz]
St Paul’s Cathedral [sənt ´po:lz kə´θıdrəl]
the Houses of Parliament [´hausız əv´pα:ləmənt]
Big Ben [´bıg ´ben]
Hamleys [´hæmlıs] – a famous toyshop
1.25. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What city is the capital of Great Britain?
2. Is London the largest city in the world now?
3. What is London famous for?
4. What environmental problems does London have?
5. What is the best thing about London?
1.26. Прочитайте и поймите основное содержание текста. Подберите соответствующие заголовки для каждой части:
a) City problems
b) Places of interest
c) History
d) Location, size, population
