The Participating States,
Reaffirming their commitment to peace, security and justice and the continuing development of friendly relations and cooperation;
Recognizing that this commitment, which reflects the interests and aspirations of peoples, constitutes for each participating state a present and future responsibility, heightened by experience of the past;
Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, their full and active support for the United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and justice, and in promoting the solutions of international problems, as well as the development of friendly relations and cooperation among states;
Expressing their common adherence to the principles which are set forth below and are in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, as well as their common will to act, in the application of these principles, in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations;
Declare their determination to respect and put into practice, each of them in its relations with all other participating States, irrespective of their political, economic or social systems as well as their size, geographical location or level of economic development, the following principles, which are all of primary significance, guiding their mutual relations.
8. :
1. Aggressive nationalism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, unresolved territorial disputes, and violations in the area of human rights present serious threats to stability, peace and prosperity. The Presidents agree that the effort to deal with these challenges must be based on respect for the principles and commitments of the OSCE, particularly concerning democracy, respect for human rights, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and self-determination.
2. The Participants note with satisfaction the progress made in developing a model for ensuring comprehensive security for Europe in which all states will have the inherent right to choose freely their security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve.
3. The Participating States will refrain in their mutual relations, as well as in their international relations in general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity and political independence of any State. Likewise they will refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose of inducing another Participating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights.
4. The member-states will fulfil in good faith their obligations under international law. They will consult in a timely manner on issues of mutual concern, including how best to fulfil their responsibility to cooperate with other NPT parties in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, while at the same time fulfilling their responsibility to avoid risks of proliferation.
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5. The Presidents declare that they are resolved to take effective measures which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete disarmament. They intend to take unilateral and multilateral measures and conclude agreements that correspond to both the letter and spirit of this Act.
6. Both Sides view the Agreement as good example of fruitful cooperation between the states concerned which lays the foundation for improving the political climate, establishing a broader confidence and mutual understanding, and to extending mutually advantageous cooperation in a number of spheres.
7. The Participating States recognize the universal significance of continuing active negotiations for the limitation of strategic offensive arms and conducting them in a spirit of good will, respect for each others legitimate interests and observance of the principle of equal security.
9.
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1. Mitigating the negative aspects of the information technology revolution now taking place is a serious challenge to ensuring the future strategic security interests of our two countries.
2. Accelerating the negotiations to adapt the Treaty to changing circumstances and complying with its provisions during the process of adaptation is seen as our contribution to stability, predictability and cooperation in Europe.
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3. They reaffirmed their commitment to the goal of having all countries accede to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, by calling upon them to embark on new and important cooperation in nuclear disarmament.
4. Reaffirming our commitment to strict compliance with our obligations under the START I Treaty, we declare our resolve to collaborate in expediting the entry into force of the START II Treaty.
5. Having taken substantial practical steps to reduce the global nuclear threat and control transfers of sensitive technology, they remain committed to developing the foundations of an international non-proliferation regime.
6. They underscored the necessity of deepening broad based international and bilateral cooperation in combating aggressive nationalism and preventing abuses of human rights.
11.
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1. Each Party undertakes not to deploy ABM systems for a defense of the territory of its country and not to provide a base for such a defense, and not to deploy ABM systems for defense of an individual region except as provided for in Article III of this Treaty.
2. To enhance assurance of the effectiveness of the limitations on ABM systems and their components provided by the Treaty, each Party undertakes not to deploy in the future radars for early warning of strategic ballistic missile attack (radars , ).
3. Each Party undertakes not to interfere with the national technical means of verification of the other Party operating in accordance with Paragraph 1 of this Article (verification ).
4. Each Party undertakes not to develop, test or deploy ABM systems or components which are sea-based, air-based, space-based, or mobile land-based.
5. High Contracting Parties undertake to curb the race in strategic offensive arms which would lead to a decrease in the risk of outbreak of war involving nuclear weapons.
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Word combinations to remember:
| to ensure strategic security interest | |
| to accelerate the negotiations | |
| to adapt the Treaty to changing circumstances | |
| , | enduring peace based upon the indivisibility of security |
| further cooperation on export controls | |
| accession of all countries to the NPT | |
| strict compliance with the obligations under the Treaty | |
| to intensify joint efforts | |
| to counteract the threats to security | |
| transfer of sensitive technology | |
| confidence-building measures | |
| to fulfil obligations | |
| , | issues of mutual concern |
13. , shall.
a) 1. Each State Party to this Convention shall, in accordance with its constitutional processes, take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent development, production, stockpiling and acquisition of such weapons.
2. The Security Council shall inform the States Parties to the Convention of the results of the investigation.
3. Amendments shall enter into force for each State Party accepting the amendment on the date of acceptance by it.
4. In implementing the provisions of this Article all necessary safety precautions shall be observed to protect populations and the environment.
5. Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as in any way limiting or detracting from the obligations assumed by the State.
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6. Any Party may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text of the proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments which shall circulate in to all Parties to this Treaty.
7. This Convention shall be implemented in a manned designed to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of State Parties to the Convention.
8. The Secretary-General shall make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the organisation.
9. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign this Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.
10. This Treaty shall be of unlimited duration. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardised the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other parties to the Treaty three months in advance.
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Word combinations to remember:
| a) in pursuit of (pursuant to) | |
| constitutional processes | |
| safety precautions | |
| to detract from the obligations | |
| enter into force | |
| accede to a treaty | |
| be of unlimited duration | |
| the subject matter of the treaty | |
| supreme interests of a country | |
| give notice of | - |
| b) | |
| withdraw from a treaty 3 months in advance | |
| reasonable doubts | |
| parties concerned | |
| verification process | |
| (to be) open for signature | |
| rules of procedure | |
| inherent right | |
| continue in force | |
| indefinitely | |
| extend a treaty | |
| fixed period |
14. :
a) The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the government of the United States of America. Duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that government to the governments of other signatory states.
In faith whereof the representatives of the governments of the United Nations have signed the present Charter.
Done in the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.
b) Each Party may propose amendments to this Treaty. Agreed amendments shall enter into force in accordance with the procedures governing the entry into force of this Treaty.
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c) This Treaty shall be subject to ratification in accordance with the constitutional procedures of each Party. This Treaty shall enter into force on the day of the exchange of instruments of ratification and shall remain in force through December 31, 1985, unless replaced earlier by an agreement further limiting strategic offensive arms.
This Treaty shall be registered pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
d) Each Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests. It shall give notice of its decision to the other Party six months prior to withdrawal from the Treaty. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events the notifying Party regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.
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16. Translate the final clauses of CTBT into English
a) XI.
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XII.
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III.
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