| my | , , , | mine | , , , |
| his | his | ||
| her | hers | ||
| its | , | its | , |
| our | , , , | ours | |
| your | , , , | yours | |
| their | theirs |
| this | these | ||
| that | those | ||
| the same | |||
| such |
| who | |
| what | |
| whom | , |
| which | , |
| whose |
| what | , | whatever | |
| which | , , , | whichever | |
| who | whoever | ||
| whom | , | ||
| whose |
| myself | () | ourselves | () |
| yourself | yourselves | ||
| himself | themselves | ||
| herself | |||
| itself | |||
| oneself | - |
| all | , , , |
| another | , |
| any | - ( ), |
| both | |
| each | |
| either | |
| every | , |
| few | , |
| little | , |
| many | , |
| much | |
| one | , , - |
| some | -, , |
| no | , , |
| none | , , |
| neither | , |
| each other | |
| one another |
There is / There are
.
, (, ) ( , ). , there is / there are. , there is / there are - . //.
is, are.
| There is a carin front of the entrance. | . |
| There are many studentsin the group. | . |
there is / there are
there is / there are , is / are there.
is / are not.
|
|
|
| Are there lectures on Monday? | ? |
| Is there a picture above your desk? | ? |
| There is (no) not a carpet on the floor. | . |
| There are (no) not pages in this book. | . |
is (are) not
| There is (no) not a computer here. | There isnt a computer here. |
| There is (no) not a large building behind the corner. | There isnta large building behind the corner. |
, ( )
| Is there a TV-set in your room? | Yes, there is. No, there isnt. |
| Are there pages in this book? | Yes, there are. No, there arent. |
some, any, no .
some - ,
some .
| There are some books on the table. | . |
| I put somesugar into the tea. | . |
| There are some letters in the mail box. | . |
| There are some passengers in the train. | . |
| I have some water with me. | . |
some , :
| Can I have some tea? | ? |
| Can we have some sheets of paper? | ? |
| Can I take some pens from your table? | ? |
any , , , .
Any .
no , .
| Have you got any documents with you? | - ? |
| There are not any students in the room. | . |
| Anyclerk of this office can help me. | . |
| Hes happy to get anypresents from his father. | . |
| I have no idea. | ( ). |
some any no thing, body where, .
| something | -, -, - |
| anything | -, -, - |
| somebody | -, -, - |
| anybody | -, -, - |
| somewhere | -, - |
| anywhere | -, - |
| nothing | , |
| nobody | |
| nowhere | , |
) something, somebody, somewhere :
| He has something in his bag. | - . |
| He must go somewhere but I dont know exactly the place of destination. | -, . |
| John speaks to somebody. | - . |
) anything, anybody, anywhere, nothing, nobody, nowhere :
|
|
|
| He has not anythingin his bag. | . |
| There is nobody in the room. | |
| Do you go anywhere on Sundays? | - ? |
(The Adjective)
, .
fine weather English literature
(large, small, heavy, brave) (wooden, central) ..
very .
: , .
(.. ) -er, -est.
| deep hard big | deep er hard er bigg er | the deep est the hard est the bigg est |
, .
: ) ) -y, -er, -ow, -le, .
| polite sunny simple | polit er sunni er simpl er | (the) polit est (the) sunni est (the) simpl est |
(.. 3- ) more less , most , least .
| interesting | more interesting less interesting | (the) most interesting (the) least interesting |
.
| good bad much, many little far | better worse more less farther further | (the) best (the) worst (the) most (the) least (the) farthest (the) furthest | |||
(The Adverb)
- , , . ? ? ? .
.
| She is a very good friend. | - . |
| He is never late. | . |
.
| well badly quickly | ||
| yesterday today tomorrow always never lately then | ||
| above below outside inside here there | , | |
| very little too nearly |
(The Verb)
- , . , , .
(Finite Forms) (Non-finite Forms).
: , , , , , . , , .
We live in Russia. .
(Infinitive)
|
|
|
(Gerund)
(Participle).
, , . .
4 .
| I | II | III | IV |
| II | I | ||
| Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Participle II | Participle I (-ing ) |
| to write to develop | wrote developed | written developed | writing developing |
, . , . . to.
II III () ().
| I | II | III | IV |
| to ask to write | ask ed wrote | ask ed written | asking writing |
(Past Indefinite) II -ed (-d) . I -ing , .
( . Appendix1)
I
I (Participle I) - , , . .
| active | passive | |
| Indefinite | asking | being asked |
| Perfect | having asked | having been asked |
Participle I Indefinite , -.
While translating difficult texts we use a dictionary. , .
Participle I Perfect , , -.
Having read the book I returned it to the library. , .
I
I (Participle I) :
1. . Participle I, .
| A smiling girl. | |
| The men building our house with me are my friends. | , , - . |
| The house being built in our street is a new building of school. | , - . |
2. . Participle I Indefinite Active .
| Translating the article he consulted the dictionary. | , . |
when while. ( ) , , "", " ".
| While translating the article the student consulted the dictionary. | , . / , . |
3. . Participle I .
|
|
|
| They are playing chess . (Present Progresive Tense) | . |
II
II (Participle II) - (III ), , . .
| active | passive | |
| Indefinite | asked | been asked |
| Perfect | have asked | have been asked |
I, II , . , . , II, - .
| The book discussed yesterday was interesting. | , , . |
| The books discussed at the lessons are always interesting. | , , . |
II
II :
.
Lost time is never found again. ( - ).
A written letter lay on the table. .
They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century. , 18 .
2. . II if, unless, when. , , .
If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years. ( ) , .
, , . , , . , , , .
-ing.
to translate - translating,
to read - reading.
| active | passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
Participle I Perfect Participle. , , . Indefinite Gerund , , -.
| He likes inviting friends to his place. | . |
| He likes being invited to his friends. | , . |
(Perfect Gerund) , , -.
| He is proud of having invited this man to his place. | , . |
| He was proud of having been invited to the party. | , . |
:
1. .
| Smoking is not allowed here. | () . |
2. .
| His hobby is driving a car. | - () (). |
3. .
| The car needs repairing. | ( ). |
.
4. .
| They spoke about their travelling. | (, ). |
.
5. .
| Learning rules without examples is of little use. | ( ) . |
| Think before answering. | , . |
| He is proud of having won in the tournament. | , . |
| Everybody laughed on hearing his answer. | , ( ) . |
| By doing that you'll save a lot of time. | , . |
, , .
.
|
|
|
, .
Translate the text
:
1.
2.
to.
| Come! |
| Look! |
| Listen! |
do, not . : do + not + .
| Do not come! |
| Do not take! |
do not dont, .
| Dont translate! |
| Dont argue! |
- , , .
, -ed, -ing, -s, -es 3- Present Indefinite, .. . . to ( ought to).
Can / could
: can - , could - . :
| . | She can speak English well but she can't write it at all | () -, |
| , ( ). | You can't speak at the lessons. | . |
| ( ). | Can (could) you give me your dictionary? | ? |
To be able to
to be able + to can (. 1) .
| He is able to help you. | . |
| He was able to help you. | . |
| He will be able to help you. | . |
May / might
: may - , might - . may :
1. .
| You may go. | . |
| May I help you? | ? |
2. .
| You may not come here. | . |
3., .
| It may rain today. | . |
might :
1. .
| She said that he might take her book. | , . |
2. .
| He might come. | , , . |
To be allowed to
To be permitted to
to be allowed to be permitted + to may (. 1).
| I am allowed to use this device. | ( ) |
| He will be allowed to use this device. | . |
Must
must :
1. , .
| I must go. | . |
2. .
| You mustn't do it. | . |
3. - , .
| He must have read this book. | , , . |
4. , .
| You must come and see my new flat. | . |
To have (to)
to have (to) to . ", ".
| It was very dark and we had to stay at home. | , . |
| I don't have to stay here. | . |
to be + Infinitive
to be . ", " ..
| I was to meet her at 3 o'clock. | 3 . |
| They are to begin this work at once. | . |
, .
, , (first conditional- I ) (second conditional- II ).
