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1. :
¨ . , , , , . ¨ , () .

 

¨ ( ), . ¨ . ¨ : Q ; F , . .

 

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¨ , (). , . , , . ¨ , .

 

 

F1 (); F2 (L). Q (, ). .

 

 

¨ (law of diminishing marginal returns): - , . , : 1 ; 2 .

 

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Q = f (F1, F2), F1 F2 . Q . . , : .

 

, , , : - ( , ); ( , , ); ( , , ).

 

, . t , . t , . t .

 

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2.
¨ (input) (costs), . ¨ , . : - ; ; ; ; .  

 

 

()
  ¨ (explicit costs) , , (, ). ¨ (implicit costs) , , , (, ).  

 

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()
¨ : , ; () , , . ¨ ( ). (fixed costs FC) , . : . , . , . (variable costs) , . , . . , . , , . , , .  

 

 

3.
, . . ¨ ( total costs TC) : = FC + VC

 

 

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¨ (average fixed costs AFC) :
C FC O Q C C1 A B C2 AFC O Q1 Q2
¨ (average variable costs AVC) :
VC     Q1 Q C   AVC   O Q1 Q
     

 

()
, . (Q1) , . : , , .

 

 

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¨ (average total costs ATC) : ATC = TC/Q = AFC + AVC
VC FC O Q C ATC AVC AFC O Q
.

 

¨ (marginal costs MC) , : = ∆TC/∆Q = (∆FC + ∆VC)/∆Q, FC , MC = ∆VC/∆Q.
AVC Q MC AVC ATC

 

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, (=AVC) (.). , . , , (. ). , , .. , (. ).
      Q C MC   O Q C     MC   O Q

 

 

4.
, . , . 1 4 2 3     L   Q . ATCL ( 1 2), ATCL ( 3 4).

 

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¨ : ; ; , , . ¨ : , ; , ; , ; , ..

 

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()
, ( ). . ¨ , , : (Q1, Q2,..., Qn). ¨ () , : (Q1, O) + C(O, Q2) > C(Q1, Q2).

 

 

¨ , , : .. .

 

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3 " "
1. ? 2. ? . 3. ? ? 4. : ; ; ; ? 5. ? 6. ( ) ? 7. ?

 

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