..
2008
: .. ..., , , ;
.. ..., - .
, , , , . , . .
, , " " "".
4
- : 6
1.1. : 6
1.2. : 8
1.3. 10
1.4. 11
1.5. 12
1.6. 14
1.7. 16
1.8. 17
1.9. 19
- 21
21
2.2. 24
2.3. 25
2.4. 26
2.5. 26
29
3.1. : 29
3.2. 32
3.3. 33
3.4. 36
3.5. 39
3.6. 40
3.7. 41
: 42
4.1. 42
4.2. 45
4.3. 47
4.4. 51
4.5. 52
4.6. 53
4.7. 53
: 56
5.1. : , 56
5.2. 59
5.3. 60
5.4. 64
5.5. 68
5.6. 69
5.7. 72
75
76
, , . , , .
|
|
, .
: , , , , .
, :
, , ;
, ;
, .
, .
:
( , : , : );
;
;
;
;
() .
:
;
;
;
, .
, . . , .
, , " ". , . , .
, , .
|
|
: |
1. : . 2. : . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . |
1. : |
¨ (market) , , . : ; (), ; ; , ; . |
¨ - , - , . ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ). , . . .. |
______________________
______________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________
___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
, , , , : ¨ ( ..); ¨ , |
¨ ; ¨ () (); ¨ ; ¨ () (); ¨ . |
( ) , . ¨ , . ¨ , . ¨ . ¨ , . ¨ . |
¨ : , , . ¨ : . ¨ : . ¨ : . ¨ : , . ¨ -: ; . |
_____________________
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
|
|
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. : |
¨ (demand) . ¨ , . ¨ (low of demand): , . . |
¨ (demand curve) , , . | |
D Q | , : Q = f (P) |
¨ (demand function) , () ¨ : ; : , ; ; ; (, , ..); . |
___________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
, (. ). ¨ , , , . ¨ , , . : , , : , , , , , ; ; . , , ; , () ; , , , . |
|
|
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. |
¨ (supply) . ¨ , . ¨ (law of supply): , , . . |
¨ (supply curve) , , . | |
P S Q | , : Q = f (p) |
¨ (supply function) , . ¨ : ; : ( ); ; ; , , ; ; . |
___________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. | |
¨ (equilibrium) , , . | |
P D S P2 1 QE Q | = S = PD QE = QS = QD |
¨ ( equilibrium price) , . , , , , , . : ) ; ) . , , , , . : ) ; ) . |
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. |
¨ (elasticity) , . ¨ : ; ; ; . |
¨ . . ¨ , , . |
¨ : çç > 1, 1% 1% ( , ). ¨ : ç ç 0 1, 1% 1% ( ). ¨ : çç = 1, ( ). ¨ : çç = 0, . ¨ : çç → ∞, . |
|
|
______________________________________________
________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
-: -, ; -: , -; -: -, ; : : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) , . . : - , . : , , . : , , ; , , . , : , : ) ; ) -; ) . |
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
¨ . Q1 Q2 ; I1 I2 (income) . . ¨ . , . ¨ , . |
¨ . Q1 Q2 - ; 1 2 . ¨ >0, . ¨ <0, . |
6. |
¨ . . , . |
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
________________________
__________________________________________________________________
: , , . : ) , , ; ) , , , ; ) , . |
; : -. , ; : , - ; , . |
_
________________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________________________
________________________
1 ": " |
1. - ? 2. ? 3. - ? 4. " ". ? 5. ? 6. ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. . 10. ? 11. - ? 12. . , ? |
________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
1 ": "
1.
, . , .
1. 1, , , (, ). , , .:
(, , , .., , );
( , , ; , , , ..);
( , , , , .);
(, , , );
( ).
2. , .
2.
. -. , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , .
-.
1
, , .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
:
- ;
- ;
- .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
:
1. (), (). .
2. , 50 %.
, , , ( ).
, , .
.
, , .
, .