Таблица временных форм глагола
| TENSEВРЕМЯ | Indefinite (Simple)Простое | ContinuousДлительное | PerfectЗавершенное |
| Present Настоящее | I write Я пишу (вообще, обычно) | I am writingЯ пишу (сейчас) | I have writtenЯ (уже) написал |
| Past Прошедшее | I wrote Я (на) писал (вчера) | I was writingЯ писал (в тот момент) | I had written Я написал (уже к тому моменту) |
| Future Будущее | I shall/will write Я напишу, буду писать (завтра) | I shall/will be writing Я буду писать (в тот момент) | I shall/will have written Я напишу (уже к тому моменту) |
Глаголы в формах Indefinite (Simple) описывают обычные, повторяющиеся действия как факт — безотносительно к их длительности или к результату действия:
JT go to school every day. — Я хожу в школу каждый день. В этом высказывании интересует не время, потраченное на дорогу, не процесс движения, не результат походов, а сам факт: я хожу в школу, а не на работу.
То же самое относится к прошедшему времени и к будущему:
j went to school when I was a boy. — Я ходил в школу, когда был мальчиком.
j shall go to school when I grow up. — Я буду ходить в школу, когда вырасту.
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't. Порядок слов прямой. Вопросительные предложения образуются, как правило, простой перестановкой подлежащего и вспомогательного глагола. Вопросительные местоимения при этом стоят всегда впереди.
Не is a student. — Is he a student?
We do not write much. — Do we write much?
You have a computer. — Have you a computer? — What do you have?
She does not live in Moscow. — Does she live in Moscow?
He didn't like the film. — Did he like the film? — What film he didn't like?
Особую группу составляют разъединительные вопросы, которые переводятся как утверждения плюс «не так ли?» Они применимы к любому времени. Например:
You speak English, don't you? Вы говорите по-английски, не так ли?
Но: Let us speak English, shall we? Давайте говорить по-английски, хорошо?
Правильные и неправильные глаголы
По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные. У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle — простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между
sz
собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе
глагола окончания -ed (d):
to ask — asked to change — changed to receive — received to work— worked
При этом существует ряд особенностей:
а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествую-
щей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется
окончание -ed
to supply — supplied to apply — applied если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed
to stay — stayed to play — played
б) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с пред-
шествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная
на конце удваивается:
To stop — stopped
После звонких согласных и гласных звуков окончание -ed или -d произносится как [d] loved, said, а после глухих согласных как [t] looked.
После звуков [d] и [t] на конце слова окончание -ed (-d) произносится как [id] landed, started.
Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Это наиболее часто употребляемые глаголы. В конце книги приведен список часто встречающихся неправильных глаголов.
Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность — в соотнесенности с определенным моментом в прошлом, настоящем или будущем:
I am going to school (now). — Я иду в школу (сейчас, в настоящий момент).
j was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock. — Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.
I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7 o'clock. — Я буду смотреть телевизор завтра в семь часов.
Помимо этой функции, глаголы в Present Continuous Tense выражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее:
We are leaving for Moscow in July. —Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.
Глаголы в формах Perfect выражают действие завершенное, приведшее к определенному результату (или к отсутствию результата). Можно сказать, что с помощью форм Perfect мы подводим итоги определенному периоду времени, определенных действий. Время подведения итогов — либо настоящий момент Present Perfect, либо момент в прошлом Past Perfect, либо — в будущем Future Perfect.
I have written the letter. (Present Perfect) — Я (только что) написал письмо (передо мной письмо как результат).
I had written the letter when he came. (Past Perfect) — Я написал письмо, когда он пришел. (2 действия, одно завершилось раньше другого)
j will have written the letter by 10 o'clock tomorrow. (Future Perfect) — Я напишу письмо к 10 часам завтра, (действие завершится к определенному моменту времени в будущем).
Exercise 5.6. Open the brackets:
1. He (know) several foreign languages.
2. 1 (learn) English at school.
Usually the train (leave) at 10 o'clock.
Our grandparents (live) now in Moscow.
He (visit) them regularly last year.
As a rule I (go) to my school by bus.
She (work) abroad next year.
She (not like) poems.
Your children usually (ask) many questions.
At present he (work) at school.
My brother (like) music.
What you (do) yesterday?
His sister (go) to the seaside next July.
Soon we (leave) the school.
Who (take) his book yesterday?
Exercise 5.7. Put the verb to write in the appropriate form:
l.We often... letters to our parents.
What... you... now?
Yesterday they tests from 10 till 12 o'clock.
Who this letter tomorrow?
5.1 some letters last week.
What... you... tomorrow at 10?
When I came in she a letter.
Do you often... letters to your parents?
9.1...not... this article now. I it in some days.
... he... his report at the moment?
What... she... in the evening yesterday?
As a rule he... tests well.
Exercise 5.8. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:
1. Peter and Ann (go) away five minutes ago. 2. I (write) the letter but I (not send) it. 3. He just (go) away.
4. She already (answer) the letter. 5. She (answer) it on Tuesday. 6. I just (tell) you the answer. 7. I (read) that book in my summer holidays. 8. The greengrocer (sell) now all his vegetables. 9. He (sell) all of them half an hour ago. 10.1 (not see) him for three years. I (be) glad to see him again some time. 11. What you (do)? I (copy) the text from the text-book now. 12. He (go) to Moscow next week? 13. He (not smoke) for a month. He is trying to give it up. 14. When he (arrive)? — He (arrive) at 2.00. 15. You (switch off) the light before you left the house? 16.1 (read) these books when I was at school. I (like) them very much. 17. I can't go out because I (not finish) my work. 18. I already (tell) you the answer yesterday. 19. What you (do) tomorrow In the morning? 20. I (not meet) him last week. 21.1 usually (leave) home at seven and (get) here at twelve. 22. Here is your watch. I just (find) it. 23. You (not have) your breakfast yet?
Exercise 5.9. Translate into English. Pay attention to the tense used:
1. Я никогда об этом не слышал. 2. Мальчику только четыре года, но он уже научился читать. 3. Вы уже переехали на новую квартиру? 4 Вы сделали много ошибок в диктанте. 5. Вы когда-нибудь видели этого писателя? 6. В этом месяце я прочитал две новых книги. 7. Мой приятель уехал в Киев неделю назад и еще не писал мне. 8. Я не видел своего брата за последнее время. 9. Вы читали сегодня в газете статью о нашем новом театре? 10. Вы были когда-нибудь в Лондоне? — Нет, я поеду туда в этом году. 11. Вы уже прочитали эту книгу? — Как она вам понравилась? 12. Я хотел посмотреть этот фильм на прошлой неделе, но смог посмотреть его только вчера. 13. В этом году я собираюсь поступать в институт. 14. Ваш сын уже окончил институт? 15. Его дочь окончила школу в прошлом году.
Exercise 5.10. Translate into English:
1. Он писал письмо, когда я пришел к нему. 2. Он делал свою работу, пока его братья играли в футбол. 3. Я упал, когда бежал за автобусом. 4. Мы делали уроки, когда пошел дождь. 5. Когда учитель давал урок, новая ученица вошла в класс. 6. Когда зазвонил телефон, я работал в саду. 7. Я увидел своих одноклассников, когда я шел по улице. 8. Начался дождь, когда мы наблюдали за игрой.
Exercise 5.11. Put the verb in brackets in the right form. Use past tenses:
1. When I (arrive) the lecture already (start). 2. Peter (sit) in a dark room with a book. I told him that he (read) in very bad light. 3. Mother (make) a cake when the light (go) out. She had to finish it in the dark. 4. When I arrived Jenny (leave), so we only had time for a few words. 5. John (have) a bath when the phone rang. He (get) out of the bath and (go) to answer it. 6. When we (come) to the airport, the plane already (land). 7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 8. You looked very busy when I saw you last night. What you (do)? 9.1 (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up. 10. When I (see) him he (cross) the street. 11. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. 12. Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself. 13. When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you (have) a copy of Jack London. 14. She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try) to find another. 15. When Ann (finish) her homework she (turn) on TV.
Exercise 5.12. Define the tense and translate into English:
1. Вчера в 9 часов вечера я смотрел телевизор. 2. Она сказала, что еще не выполнила домашнее задание. 3. Когда пришел мой друг, я еще не кончил завтракать. 4. Когда я встретил ее впервые, она работала в школе. 5. Все студенты выполнили задание правильно после того, как преподаватель рассказал им, как его делать. 6. Когда мы вышли на улицу, ярко светило солнце. 7. Мой друг сказал, что его брат уже приехал.
Я читал книгу, когда услышал телефонный звонок.
После того, как врач осмотрел больного, он поговорил с его родственниками. 10. Когда мы пришли на остановку, автобус уже ушел. 11. Он смотрел телевизор, когда пришел его друг. 12. Почтальон обычно приходит в девять часов утра. Сейчас уже половина десятого, а он все еще не пришел. 13. Каждый вечер я смотрю телевизор. 14. Служащие заканчивают работу в шесть часов вечера. 15. Разве она не знала об этом? 16. Разве вы не видели этот фильм? 17. Она еще не брала своего маленького сына в театр, но уже водила его в кино в первый раз несколько дней назад. 18. Он обычно очень внимательно слушает учителя, но сейчас он не слушает, у него болит голова. 19. Я не играл в футбол с прошлого года. 20. Маленькая девочка часто помогает своей матери. 21. Автор еще молодой человек. Он написал свою первую книгу в 1989 году. 22. Сейчас 8 часов утра и ребенок уже проснулся. Вчера утром он проснулся раньше. 23. В школе он играл в футбол.
Exercise 5.13. Put in the appropriate words from the list:
1.... I go to the Institute by bus.
2.1 do my morning exercises...
We shall have invited you...
Who has seen him...?
He had worked here...
... the plant was producing new machines.
We have... done our work.
What are you doing...?
He was going home...
Will you have read the book...?
Did you see them...?
We translated this text....
before the Institute
by Tuesday
during October
every day
just
last week
now
9)recently
usually
when we met
when he comes home
already
Exercise 5.14. Change the sentences into questions as in the example and translate them.
Example: He can play chess. — Can't he play chess? — Он умеет играть в шахматы. — Разве он умеет играть в шахматы?
They left for Moscow.
He has finished his work.
She will visit us on Monday.
She has many relatives.
His father works here.
You know his address.
We shall go home together.
They are at home.
I am listening to you.
His friends were working in the garden.
You have done the task.
L ecture б
Text 1: THE UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is an island nation and constitutional monarchy in north-western Europe, member of the European Union (EU).
Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles. It comprises, together with numerous smaller islands, England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland.
The United Kingdom is bordered to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe, to the east by the North Sea, and to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The only land border is between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,752 sq km. The capital and largest city is London.
The names «United Kingdom*, «Great Britain*, and «England» are often used interchangeably. The use of «Great Britain*, often shortened to «Britain*, to describe the whole kingdom is common and widely accepted, although strictly it does not include Northern Ireland.
However, the use of «England* to mean the «United Kingdom* is not acceptable to members of the other constituent countries, especially the Scots and the Welsh.
England and Wales were united administratively, politically, and legally by 1543. The crowns of England and
Scotland were united in 1603, but the two countries remained separate political entities until the 1707 Act of Union, which formed the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single legislature. From 1801, when Great Britain and Ireland were united, until the formal establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the kingdom was officially designated the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hong Kong, which contains all but 200,000 of the 6 million combined population of the dependencies, was returned to China in 1997.
The maximum overall length of the United Kingdom is 1,264 km: the most northerly point is Out Stack in the Shetland Islands. The most southerly is St Agnes in the Scilly Isles. The kingdom's maximum width is 670 km. The mainland of the island of Great Britain is 974 km at its longest and 531 km at its widest; however, the highly indented nature of the island's coastline means that nowhere is more than about 120 km from the sea.
Relative to its size, the scenery of the United Kingdom is very diverse and can change dramatically within short distances. This diversity reflects in part the underlying rocks, which range from the ancient mountains of the Highlands of Scotland to the recent deposits in eastern England.
All of the United Kingdom, except the area of England south of the Thames, was covered with ice during the ice age, and glaciation shaped its most spectacular scenery, including the English Lake District, the loughs of Northern Ireland, the Welsh valleys, and most of Scotland, including the lakes.
The climate of the United Kingdom is mild relative to its latitude, which is the same as that of Labrador in Canada. The mildness is an effect of the warm Gulf Stream. This current brings the prevailing south-westerly winds that moderate winter temperatures and bring the depressions which are the main day-to-day influence on the weather. The western side of the United Kingdom tends to be warmer than the eastern; the south is warmer than the north. The mean annual temperature is 6° С in the far north of Scotland; 11° С in the south-west of England. Winter temperatures seldom are below -10° С and summer temperatures rarely higher than 32° C. The sea winds also bring plenty of moisture; average annual precipitation is more than 1,000 mm.
Rain tends to fall throughout the year, frequently turning to snow in the winter, especially in Scotland, the mountains of Wales, and northern England. The western side of Britain is much wetter than the eastern: average rainfall varies from more than 5,000 mm in the western Highlands of Scotland, to less than 500 mm in parts of East Anglia in England.
The population of United Kingdom is more than 56 mln people, but it is one of the world's leading commercial and industrialized nations. In terms of gross national product (GNP) it ranks fifth in the world, with Italy, after the United States, Japan, Germany, and France.
Vocabulary:
island nation — островное государство constitutional monarchy — конституционная монархия
European Union — Европейский союз to comprise — включать numerous — многочисленные principality — княжество North Sea — Северное море interchangeably — взаимозаменяемо to accept — принимать, допускать strictly — строго, зд. строго говоря
include — включать constituent — составляющий administratively — административно entities — зд. субъекты single — зд. единая
dependencies — находящийся в зависимости
overall length [1еп6] — общая протяженность
maximum width [wldT] — максимальная ширина
indented — зд. изрезанная
scenery ['simori] — пейзаж
dramatically — резко
diversity [dai'va:siti] — разнообразие
deposits [di'pozit] — отложения
glaciation — обледенение
shape — форма
spectacular — впечатляющий
valley — долина
latitude [laetitjurdj — широта геогр.
prevailing — преобладающий
moderate [pn'veihrj] — умеренный
depressions — углубление, впадение
mean — зд. среднеарифметический
average annual precipitation — среднегодовое количество осадков
in terms of — говоря о чем-либо
GNP (Gross National Product) — валовой национальный продукт.
Exercise 6.1. Translate into English.
Официальное название Великобритании — Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии.
Соединенное королевство является членом Европейского союза и конституционной монархией.
Lecture б
Северная Ирландия занимает северо-восточную часть острова Ирландия.
Ла-Манш отделяет Соединенное Королевство от континентальной Европы.
Exercise 6.2. Use the following phrases and word combinations to retell the text:
As I understood from the text...
According to the text...
According to the author...
As it is described in the text...
As it is said in the text...
As the author puts it...
7. According to the figures (data, information, opin-
ions) from the text...
Exercise 6.3. Discuss the following statements. Use the following phrases to express your opinion:
1. It seems to me (that)... 2.1 would like to say that... 3. As I see it... 4.1 think that... 5.1 guess... 6.1 suppose...
7.1 (strongly) believe that... 8.1 am (absolutely) sure that...
Statement A: The United Kongdom is a small country. It is one of the leading countries now because it had many rich colonies in the past.
Statement B: UK will loose Northern Ireland soon and Wales and Scotland later, like it lost Hong Kong in 1997, because of the differences in languages, culture and history.
Statement C: British people don't travel much because they live not too far from the sea (ocean).
Table: Modern history of Great Britain
| World War I begins. | |
| World War I ends. | |
| First regular London-Paris air service instituted. | |
| John Logie Baird demonstrates television system. | |
| British Broadcasting Corporation chartered. | |
| Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin. | |
| First regular television broadcasts from Alexandra Palace. | |
| Independence for India and Pakistan. Nationalization of coal mines and railways. | |
| Foundation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization. | |
| Britain explodes atomic bomb in Australia. | |
| Irish Republican Army begins terrorist campaign. | |
| Independence for Cyprus and Nigeria. «The Beatles»form. | |
| Oil discovered off Scottish coast. | |
| North Sea oil makes Britain self-sufficient in certain petroleum products. | |
| Trident ballistic missile system ordered from US. |
Exercise 6.4. What events had impact on World history or the modern history of Russia (USSR)?
Exercise 6.5. Group discussion. Split in groups of 2— 4. Think of the most important factors presented in the table below and their influence on the «British* character. What makes it «special»?
4. Зак. 427
LAND Area
241,752 sq km Highest Point
Ben Nevis
1,343 m above sea level Lowest Point
Holme Fen 3 m below sea level
CLIMATE
Average Temperatures
London
January 4 °C July 18 °C Edinburgh
January 3 °C
July 15 °C
Average Annual Precipitation
London 590 mm
Edinburgh 680 mm
POPULATION
Population
58,395,000 (1994 estimate)
Population Density
242 persons/sq km (1994 estimate)
Urban/Rural population 92% Urban 8% Rural
Largest Cities
London (Greater) 6,933,000
Birmingham 1,017,000
Leeds 724,500
Glasgow 681,000
Ethnic Groups
94,5% English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish 5,5% Other Languages
Official Language
English Other Languages
Welsh, Scots-Gaelic, other minority languages Religions
54% Anglicanism
13% Roman Catholicism
33% Other
including other Protestant denominations, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Sikhism
ECONOMY
Gross Domestic Product
US$1,023,900,000,000 (1994) Chief Economic Products
Agriculture
Wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, oilseed
rape, livestock, animal products. Fishing
Mackerel, herring, cod, plaice Mining
Coal, limestone, petroleum and natural gas. Manufacturing Machinery and transport equipment, food products, chemical products, minerals and metal products.
Employment Statistics
58% Trade and Services
23% Manufacturing and Industry
16% Business and Finance
2% Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
1 % Military and Defence
Major Exports
Industrial and electrical machinery, automatic data processing equipment, road vehicles, petroleum.
Major Imports
Road vehicles, industrial and electrical machinery, automatic data processing equipment, petroleum, paper and paperboard, textiles, food. Major Trading Partners
Germany, the United States, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan
Exercise 6.6. Defining «Britishness». Split in three groups. Fill out the table below. Then compare the results and try to explain them. Think of the source of such a stereotype. Do you agree or disagree with the rational and irrational columns? Think of your own table describing the stereotypes about the British (any other) people.
Text 2: DR. SIGMUND FREUD'S MUSEUM IN LONDON
The text below is taken from the Freud's museum in London. It is a guide for school students (pupils).
Sigmund Freud was a doctor who lived in Vienna, the capital of Austria, from 1859 until 1938. While he was still at university Freud decided to specialize in neurology, the study and treatment of the brain and the nervous system. In 1885, just before he got married, he obtained a grant to go to Paris to see the famous neurologist Jean Martin Charcot.
Charcot worked with men and women who suffered from hysteria. At first sight they appeared to be blind, or are paralysed in a part of their body, or cannot stop coughing, or have some other physical symptom. But Charcot used hypnosis to show that the real problem was a mental one — under hypnosis he could get them to walk or see. Freud realised from this demonstration the power that the mind could have over the body, and he came back from Paris determined to make a name for himself in this new field of study.
Gradually more and more patients came to see Freud, and with each patient he tried to learn something new about his work. He also tried to analyse himself. He realized that some of the ideas that affect people are unconscious — we do not know about them even though they are in our own minds. Freud said that this means that people may do things without knowing the real reason why they are doing it.
He also showed that the unconscious is full of memories and ideas from early childhood, but they are «ге-pressed» and made unconscious because they are things we don't want to think about, or they are forbidden.
Freud believed in an idea which is still often heard today, that «the child is father to the adult», and because of his views many adults today think about children in a different way to before.
Freud also showed that sometimes the repressed ideas from childhood could show themselves in dreams or nightmares, and one of his most famous books was called The Interpretation Of Dreams. The first dream Freud interpreted was when he was on holiday at a place called «Bellvue».
Freud says that dreams are about all the things we wish for. But rather than just wishing for something, the dream shows us a picture as if the wish has come true. So instead of thinking «I wish I had an ice-cream», a dream shows you actually eating the ice-cream!
But sometimes you are not allowed to have an icecream. Freud said that the wish is often forbidden, so it becomes unconscious and repressed. So part of you wants to make the wish come true and part of you wants to stop the wish. Because of this the wish is disguised, which means that the dream has to be interpreted before it makes sense. That's why Freud called his book The Interpretation of Dreams.
One of the most important things Freud discovered was what he called «The Oedipus complex*. The Oedipus story was a Greek myth about a man who killed his father, the king, and married his mother. In the story Oedipus also had to solve the «riddle of the Sphinx*, by answering the three questions the Sphinx asked him.
Freud thought that all little boys of 4 or 5 years old were like Oedipus in the story. When they say «I wish I could have mummy all to myself and that daddy was gone away* they are wanting to be just like Oedipus. But this wish cannot be granted — no one can have their mummy all to themselves — so the child has to learn to grow up and accept his disappointment. It was when his own father died that Freud began the study of dreams which led him to discover the Oedipus complex.
Gradually Freud developed the theory of Psychoanaly-sis,and the method of helping people he called free association. With free association Freud simply asked his patients to lie on the couch and say anything that came into their heads. He tried to interpret what they said by relating it to the repressed ideas and wishes in the unconscious. In this way he hoped that things which were unconscious would gradually become conscious, so that the patient would have more control over them and they would not be able to affect him or her so much.
Vocabulary:
study — исследование treatment — зд. лечение brain — мозг to obtain — получать to suffer ['$л!У] — страдать hysteria [hi'stiono] — истерия to cough [kof] — кашлять hypnosis [hip'nausis] — гипноз determined — решив gradually — постепенно unconscious — бессознательный forbidden •— запрещенный nightmares — ночные кошмары to come true — сбываться to disguise [dis'gaiz] — скрывать to make sense — иметь смысл riddle — ['ndlj загадка, тайна disappointment — разочарование
couch — кушетка, оттоманка by relating — зд. соотнося to affect — влиять
The following questions are asked by the guide in the London Museum of Freud. Try to answer them:
What is the most famous appliance used in modern times named after Charcot?
Have you ever done anything without knowing the real reason until afterwards? What was it?
What does it mean that «the child is father to the adult»? Do you think it is true?
4) Why do you think people like solving riddles?
Do you think everyone has an Oedipus complex, or do you think it was something Freud made up?
What other situations do you know when the mind affects the body?
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