, , !
(CAS, .24.25)
(. ). ( ) .
. . ( ) , , , , , : . . . , : .
. (), ( ) (). , , ().
h, , (ה), , , , , , , .
() h (יהוה).
/ ( ), : /, (), (. , ).
Stellarium [1].
: , 2013 . (NRT); , 2009 . (CARSA); , 1991 . (SOT); , 1989 . (JNTr); , 1970 . (CAS); , 1876 . (RST) , , . .
, , , , , ; , , , , .
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:
;
;
(.1.2) , 1, 2;
(.1.24) , 1, 2 4;
(.5.4; 6.2) , 5, 4 6, 2;
(.3.1, .5.2) , 3, 1 , 5, 2;
(.12.) /, 12 ;
(.4.1819/.61.) , ( ) .
(.) ();
(.) ();
(.) ();
(.) ();
(.) (h);
(.) h/()
(.) ;
(.) ;
(.) ()
(.) /;
(.) /;
(.) /;
(.) /;
(.) ;
(.) ;
(.) h/;
(.) h/;
(.) /;
(.) ()();
(.) h/;
(.) /;
(.) /;
(.) h/;
(.) /;
(.) /;
(.) ();
(.) ;
(.) ;
(.) .
(.) .
......................................................................................................................... 4
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(/) (/), .
(JNTr, .1.21)
, , , h (. יהושע) (. ישוע), ( ) 230 : h ( h/ (.17.914; 24.13, .11.28; 13.17, .1.38; 3.21, .1.1016; 2.1,23, .1.1, 2.6, 3.16.34); , (1.6.14,18); / (4.23.8); / (1.7.27); / / (.1.1,12,14; 2.2,4, .3.19; 6.11)) ( (2.31.15, .11.26); / (.2.240; 3.29, .3.19; 7.739), (.7.43; 8.7; 9.4...); h/ (.8.17)).
h : (h . יהו ה) (.י שע). , () 2 ( , 586 539 . ..), (h), , ( h//).
, (. ישו)//.
, ... .
(JNTr, .1.3)
( 27 . .. 19 14 . . ), , 12 . .. ( ), 1 42 . .., , , ( ) [2]. 3 1: 27 . .., 8 . .., 14 . .. [3].
1 . (7) (27 . .. [4]) . , . , . , , . . (8 . .. [4]). , . , , (14 . .. [4]). , .[5]
( , )
() 2 , , , ; . , ( ), ( : .5.37). , , (.2.13). . , , , , , [5; 6; 7]. , , . , , , 6000 , , . () , . , . , , . [8]. , , . [9].
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, , / 98 . .. 54 . .. .., . ( 9 6 . .. , 6 4 . .. ). (), / , , , ( ) () [3]. : / , , [10], , , () , , , ( ). , , , , [10 ]. / , /, ( ). , () , . ( ) , , () ( ) , // / (.5.2).
: , /Galatia and Pamphylia under Augustus: the Governorships of Piso, Quirinius and Silvanus , (6 . ..) , , , , [] " (), , 1746 ., [3] , ( ). 104 . .., 2, ( ) ( ) (.2.25), (), , [3]. , ( . ), [11] (, ).
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2 , , : , , , , .
(Kenyon F. G., Bell H. J. Greek Papiri in the British Museum. London, 1907, 8, . 125)
, / , , , , (.13.55) . , () , , / (.29.). () (.4.38).
, / 8 5 . .. [12], , , , , 7 . .., () 2 : ... (.2.2). , 8 . .., , () , . .
, , / ( ) () 7 . .. ( 4 . .. 7 . .. ) [13, . 302], , , 10 [13, . 300]. /, [14]. () , / (.5.37). , [13, . 302]. , 8 . .. ( ) , , 1213 , ? () 7 . .. (759 . ), 8 . .. ( ), , () h/ ( /) 30 (.3.23), 15 (.3.1) 781 . 2223 , 30 , (.3.23), / 87 //, . , ( 7 . ..) ()? () , , , 43 . .. (750749 . ), 29 . .. h/ 3132 . , () , , , , 36 . ( 87 . ..).
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, ( ) , :
1) 1213 , () [3], (/ );
2) / 87 . .., ( ) , / / ( );
3) / 87 . .., ( ) , ( , ; );
4) / 87 . .., ( ) , ( , ).
. . () ( ), ( 4). .. , ( ), , , /, , () ( ) () .
(), , , , , , , ( ).
/, , , ()(); ().
(CARSA, .1.21)
/ () 24 1 ().
() , /() ( /() /) (.1.5), , , . (1.24), () 15 9 . .. 2 8 . .., 16 . . , / 15 20 9 . .., 2 7 8 . .. . / 6 / (.1.26), 5,5 1 14 (10 ), 26 9 . .. (14 ), 14 8 . .. (14 ). () 21 28 9 . .. 9 16 8 . .. (. , ) , 25 / 2 3 . II . .. , , 165 . .. 3 , 25 , IV , (1.1,4.). () (.10.2223). , 9 , 9 () , , (.8.12; 9.5; 12.46, .13.47; .1.17; 14.6; 17.17; 18.37). (1 ) 280 /, 15 (14 ), 20 8 . .. 9 7 . .. (14 ). , 15 3 h ( ) (.23.1617). , 8 ( ) / (. ') , , ( / ), (.23.3943, .8.1417). : , , (. , (. ) / (.22.11)), ? , ( , . ) , , , , ( () 5 .) , , ( ), ( ), . , , II . . . , / , , . , , , . [15; 16]. , ( ) , ( [17]).
, 14 15 , (.2.21) 8 , (. ), (). , , (.1.1,14; 6.41; 14.24). , , , . h/, (/ ) , h/h (.1.35, .2.19,21; 20.17). 40 , (.13.2,1215, .12., .2.2224), 25 8 , , , , . , . 8 , . /// (.20.811; 34.21, .25.4,10, .20.6,7,14,15; 21.17). , (. ) ( ) , (3.6.38), 12 , (3.7) 7 , (3.8). , ; ( ) [18].
( , ) , (.26.1, 1.12.17) . , (), , [19]. , ( ). , /, 9 8 . .. 24 7 . .., , /.
, (.2.8), (.10.9,13)3, , , .
3 (9) (), (20) ( ). , , ... [] , .
(RST, .10.9,13)
: , , , () , , .
(SOT, .1.14)
( ):
1) ( 12 . ..);
2) (7 . ..);
3) ( () 2 );
4) () ;
5) , , .
, . 500 , , , ( 2500 2900 ., h/ ). 7 . .. 7 . 6 . .., ( ), 7 . .. ( ). , , , . ( 800 ), , . , , , . ( ) , .
, , , 11 . .. ( ) 2 ( 2 (.2.16)). ( 400, ), ( / 200 ), ( 7576 ) ( 3 ), ( 200 ), , 1996 . 1997 . .. 18 ( ) 2 ( 2500 !). / 2000 . , , , , , .
, , . , , [20]; 164 . .. : VII IV; 530 . .. [21].
, , , , , , , .
( ) , (.24.17) [10], , , , , ( ) .
, , , ( ), , , , 1,52 (.2.16), . , ( ); 8 . .., 6 . ..; , , 6 . .. ; ; ( ) , , (.2.38), , (.2.912). / 65 . .., 5 . .. .
, , , .
/ / . []: ? .
(NRT, .2.19)
2 () , / / (); , , , / ( ) (.2.).
, / 37 . .., [22, c. 565]. , 34 [13, . 277], ( / ), 4 . .. ( : 1 . .. 1 . ..) 7 . .. ( 6 . .) [23]. , /, , [13, . 274], 5 . .. ( ) : / (23 21:00), / (15 23:00), / h/h, / 2 3 (.28.1718, .23.39). 15 (13 3:40) 4 . .., (.9.2122), , , , , (.79.), , , . , , / 4 [13, . 277]. 8 2 . .. . 2 7 . .. : 29 16:50 ( ), 23 8:30 ( ).
4 , ; , . ; ; , , .
[13, . 274]
() , / / (.2.41), 12 (13) 5 (.2.42) ( (.23.1417), , () . , h/, , 78 [24]: 2 (.2.10), 12 (.2.41).
5 13 (. ) , , , () [25]. , , (.2.4249). , () 12 , , ( ), I .. .
(), . ( , .) (.2.11), () (.2.16); (.2.1315), () , 40 (.2.22, .12). , . 2 (.2.16) ( ) (.2.7). , : () ( ) / .
, (40 , ), ? , () , () , ... ... , 40 (), 1,52 , ( ) /, () . , ( /) (.2.1923).
, ? , , , ( ); , 2 ( ) 24 ; , : , .
, ( ) / (15 (23 ) 15 (15 ) 5 . .., ), / (.2.16). (, , , , , /), 6 . .. , , 56 /, / /: (.2.22) , / ().
(h) , . : ! !
(NRT, .3.22)
3 , / / 15 () (), () ()6 , / , () / ( ), / ( /) (.3.13). () , / 30 (.3.23) ( , ( )), 27 . .. ( ).
6 , ( ) ( ).
[26, . 266]
4 () / ( ) () , h// (.4.1819/.61.7), h, 7 , 50 8. . (50) (.25.10), , h/ (. () ). , , (.20.28, .10.10).
7 h , h , , , h, .
(.61.12)
8 (49) , ( ) (.25.9; 16.) (.25.813).
. 2728 . .. ( ), 1 , 9, 27 . .., , ( ), .
9 1 (1.6.16,20,49,53) IV (175164 . ..) , 163 . .. , 2015 . .. (., XIII, 8,1) 716 717 [10, .1]. . , ( ).
, 14 . .. , 19 , , 11 ( 15 . 26 .), , , / / (.26.3, .3.2, .11.49; 18.3) ( 18 36 . .. [27]); () [ 13, . 306; 29]. ( ) () 10 ( 26 . 36 . .. ), [13, . 309310,314]. 37 . .. ( ), , , [13, . 314; 29].
/ (.2.20), , , 46 ( II, (6264 . . ., 6 70 [13, . 429]). . , / / 18 , 2019 . .. [13, . 188]. , 46 2728 . .. , 15 , ha ( : .3.2; 4.17) [10, .2].
, 8 (7) . .., 28 . .. / 34 (33) = 8 (7) + 27 1 ( ), , (.4.3), ( : .18.1922, .16.18; 19.17), (), . ( 3334 ) , ( ) (.3.23).