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III. 4




<375> . .: Fastenrath. , 89.

<376> .: Tomuschat. Verfassungsgewohnheitsrecht?, 1972, 111f. , "" , . 1 . 38 , "" (genealogical link theory). .: Virally. The Sources of International Law // (Hrsg). Manual of Public International Law, 1968, 116ff.

<377> , , . 293 ( , ), " , " .

 

149. (, , , , , ..), , , , (, , , ) - <378>. - , , , , , . , , <379>. , " " . <380>. , <381>, () , . . . , , , (do ut des), , ( ) .

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<378> .: Dupuy. Droit International Public, 4. Aufl 1998, 248ff.

<379> (ICJ Rep 1974, 253, 267 und 457, 472): " , , , ". . (ICJ Rep 1995, 288, 305). . , , . .: . Vertrauensschutz im , 1971; Suy. Les actes juridiques en droit international public, 1962. (Fiedler [Fn 32] 35, 86ff) . "" , . - , , Ihlen (PCIJ, Series A/B, N 53). .: Verdross/Simma. , 669 ( ; , ).

<380> Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 18 Rn 6. , , .

<381> " ", " ", . "" ". .: Bos (Fn 265) 88.

 

150. , <382> , , "" , . , <383>. , (. . 11 - 14 ), - <384>. , , (, ), ( ) , . , opinio iuris <385>. , , .

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<382> , . , ( . 38 ), (.: 4. . 114 .). . . : Bernhardt. Qualifikation und Anwendungsbereich des internen Rechts internationaler Organisationen, BerDGVR 12 (1973) 7ff; Jenks. The Proper Law of International Organisations, 1962, 257f.

<383> .: Schindler. Die Verbindlichkeit der , 1927, 7, 87. ( ), ("") .

<384> .: Verdross/Simma. , 635. - . bona fide. .: GV-Nuklearwaffen, ICJ Rep 1996, 226, 254.

<385> .: Schachter (Fn 357) 87ff, . . : Ermacora, Das Problem der Rechtsetzung durch internationale Organisationen, BerDGVR 10 (1971) 51ff; Schreuer. Recommendations and the Traditional Sources of Law, GYIL 20 (1977) 10ff; Tomuschat (Fn 147) 444, 468.

 

151. - " " , <386> - . ( ). , , , . , (, ).

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<386> .: Stoll. Vereinbarungen zwischen Staat und Investor, 1982, 42ff, 51ff; Epping // Ipsen. , 8 Rn 14f mwN.

 

152. "" (soft law). , , . , ; " " " " <387>. , . "" , - , . . , , . ; .

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<387> .: (Fn 146) 429, 441ff; Zemanek (Fn 1) 141 ff. , () . " " .: Shelton (Hrsg). Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, 2000; Hillgenberg. Soft Law im , ZEuS 1 (1998) 81 ff.

 

153. - , , , (), <388>, . "" , (, ). , .

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<388> .: . Bedeutung und faktische Wirkung von ILO-Standards, 1991; Vierheilig. Die rechtliche Einordnung der von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation beschlossenen Regulations, 1984. , "", .: Riedel. Standards and Sources, EJIL 2 (1991) 58 (78ff); Schwarzenberger. The Principles and Standards of International Law, RdC 117 (1966-I) 66ff.

 

3.

 

154. , <389>. ordre successif . ius cogens , , <390>. , . , lex posterior lex specialis. , . 38 , ; , lex specialis. , , , .

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<389> (Hudson. The Permanent Court of International Justice 1920 - 1942, 1972, 194f) . 7 XII (B. Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (Bearbeiter). Statut et de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. , 1934, 272ff). .: Weiler/Paulus. The Structure of Change in International Law or Is there a Hierarchy of Norms in International Law? EJIL 8 (1997) 545ff; Koskenniemi. Hierarchy in International Law: A Scetch, EJIL 8 (1997) 566ff.

<390> 53, 64 , . UN Doc A/61/10, Suppl N 10, Report of the International Law Commission of its Fifty-eighth Session, 418ff.

 

155. . 38 , , . . . , . , , , , , <391>; . , . . 1 . 36 , , ( , ) <392>.

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<391> , , .: Fitzmaurice. Some Problems Regarding the Formal Sources of International Law, Symbolae Verzijl (FS), 1958, 153 (174).

<392> . "Kasikili/Sedudu" (ICJ Rep 1999, 1045, 18f).

 

156. <393>, . 38 . . 38 . , , <394>. , , , <395>. , .

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<393> 10 , 27 1958 . (YBILC 1958 II, 83); . . 2 . 7 .

<394> , .: Ross, Lehrbuch des , 1951, 81.

<395> .: Ross (Fn 394) 295.

 

157. 38 , - - . : . , , , <396>. . 38 ( ) , .

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<396> .: Kearny. Sources of Law and the International Court of Justice // Gross (Hrsg). The Future of the International Court of Justice, Bd II, 1976, 610 (696).

 

158. , ( ), . 38 ; , . . , . <397>. , , . . ().

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<397> .: Shearer. Starke's International Law, 11. Aufl 1994, 31.

 

159. , , , . ", ", , , . , . . 38 . , , , , . . "" - "d" . 1 . 38 . , , , , . , , . , . , , , ; . " ", <398>. , . 38 , . , , . 38 . , - , , . , . 38 .

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<398> .: Verdross/Simma. , 625; . : 4. , . 114 .

 

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