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III. 3




 

135. , <328>. . "b" . 1 . 38 <329>. , , : , () <330>, <331>.

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<328> , , . .: Tunkin (. 184) 153ff.

<329> . . . 142 . . .

<330> .: Bernhardt (Fn 326) 901.

<331> . : Ago. Science juridique et Droit international, RdC 90 (1956-II) 851 (939). " " , , (. . 63 . .).

 

136. (, , , ) , ( ) , , . , <332>. , "" , , (, ) ius cogens <333>.

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<332> , .

<333> .: Kimminich. Das Recht auf die Heimat, 3. Aufl 1989, 178ff.

 

, <334> - <335>. , , , , <336>. - , . , 1967 : , , <337>. , (. 38 ), , <338>. . 1963 <339> , ( , , ), .

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<334> .: 5. . 31 ., . 73 .

<335> .: Allgemein dazu Diederiks-Verschoor. An Introduction to Space Law, 1993, 10ff; Vereshchetin/Danilenko. Custom as a Source of International Law of Outer Space, JSL 13 (1985) 22ff.

<336> .:Diederiks-Verschoor (Fn 335) 11; Vereshchetin/Danilenko (Fn 335) 35.

<337> .: Vereshchetin/Danilenko (Fn 335) 32.

<338> .: Villinger. Customary International Law and Treaties, 2. Aufl 1997, 193ff.

<339> 17.10.1963 , . 1884 (XVIII): ; , , 13.10.1963. . 1962 (XVIII).

 

138. - , . ; (, 100 ), <340>. , , . , , <341>.

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<340> .: Diederiks-Verschoor (Fn 335) 10; Vereshchetin/Danilenko (Fn 335) 27; 5. . 31 .

<341> . .: Lachs // (Hrsg). Environmental Aspects of Activities in Outer Space, 1990, 188. .: , : . 41/65 03.12.1986.

 

139. , , . () <342>. , , , , <343>. , " " <344>; . , <345>.

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<342> "" .: Vereshchetin/Danilenko (Fn 335) 23.

<343> (instant customary international law) .: Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 16 Rn 5; Verdross/Simma. , 566, 571. (instant custom) , "" . .: Cheng, United Nations Resolutions on Outer Space: "Instant" International Customary Law? IJIL 5 (1965) 23ff (auch in ders, Studies in International Space Law, 1997, 125ff).

<344> .: ICJ Rep 1969, 43 ( ). , .

<345> , , , . , , . . .: , . 37/92 10.12.1982.

 

140. , , . , , ? . , " " , , <346>. , , . , , , . , , <347>. , , . , , , , , , , , . , .

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<346> .: ICJ Rep 1969, 42 ( ). , " ", , , , .

<347> , (. 341), soft law, " " ( ).

 

141. (acquiescence) <348>. <349> . (pactum tacitum) . , , , , .

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<348> .: Diederiks-Verschoor (Fn 335) 11.

<349> , , persistent objector. .: Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 16 Rn 26f.

 

)

 

142. (. "" . 1 . 38) , " " {general principles of law) <350> . . , <351> , , ( ), <352>. <353>. (, lex posterior ..) . , : , , (equity) pacta sunt servanda. , , . , , , , . , , , , ; , <354>. - ( ) <355>.

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<350> .: 2. . 159 .; Ress. , allgemeine // Lexikon , 322ff.

<351> . , ( - - ). 1912 . - . .: - 1912 . ( Streitfall von 1912, RIAA XI, 421).

<352> .: Harndt. Haftung die Folgen nicht verbotenen Handelns, 1993.

<353> . . . 26, 48 . (ICJ Rep 1962, 26) , (" ").

<354> - estoppel, , . . 327. .: Schweitzer/Weber. Handbuch, Rn 292ff.

<355> : , , , . , , , 1933 . .: I/1, 365ff.

 

143. , - - , () , " " ( ) <356>. <357>. <358>. , <359> " " <360>. , <361>. , , , , " ".

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<356> , : , , . .

<357> , , .: Bleckmann. Die Aufgabe einer Methodenlehre des , 1978, 26ff. Zur Bandbreite der Bereiche Schachter. International Law in Theory and Practice, 1991, 50ff.

<358> . .: Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 17 Rn 2 ab.

<359> "c" . 1 . 38 . , , , , , .

<360> ; . .: Barberis. Fuentes del derecho internacional, 1973, 22.

<361> .: de Lapradelle, (Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale, consultatif de juristes), 1920, 335; zu weiteren Ansichten Bogdan, General Principles of Law and the Problem of lacunae in the Law of Nations, NordTIR 46 (1977) 36 (45).

 

144. , ( ) <362>. , " " " " <363>. " , " <364>.

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<362> .: Tunkin (Fn 184) 229: . "" . . 81 . .

<363> .

<364> ( au droit international/in accordance with international law) . , .

 

145. , , , <365>. . ad hoc . . . , , .

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<365> .

 

146. , <366>. , <367>. , , , <368>: , , , . , : , <369>.

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<366> .: Verdross/Simma, , 606, 639. 1948 . 1970 . , , .

<367> .: Mosler (Fn 108) 44.

<368> .: Bogdan (Fn 361) 43 mwN; Fastenrath, , 104. , " " , , ( ). .: Tomuschat (Fn 147) 460.

<369> .: Sloan, General Assembly Resolutions Revisited (Forty Years Later), BYBIL 58 (1987) 39 (80). ", ", , , ( ).

 

) ,

 

147. . "d" . 1 . 38 . 59 ( ) <370> <371> , . , <372>. , , . . - . . (Institut de Droit International) (International Law Association); 1873 . , , (stare decisis) , , ( !), . , , , , - .

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<370> , , , . .: Bernhardt. Anmerkungen zur Rechtsfortbildung und durch internationale Gerichte, FS Zemanek, 1992, 13ff.

<371> .

<372> .: Schweitzer/Weber. Handbuch, Rn 367ff.

 

2. , . 38

 

148. , , , . 1 . 38 , , (applique/shall apply) <373>. 1 . 38 , , , , <374>. 38 . , <375>, , , . . 38 , , , . . . , , , - . (, , . 1 . 38 ) <376>. . , . 1 . 38 numerus clausus . , <377>.

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<373> 1 . 38 , .

<374> . .: Verdross. Die Quellen des universellen , 1973, 98 mwN. 1920 . , . 1 . 38 , .





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