: (); .
() , u = =5×103 - 5×106 R =20 - 10 . (, .) : , , , .
5441, . .8.1 . . U .. U ( ) U , - ( ). , .
.8.2 5441. VT1, VT5 , VT2, VT4 R1, R3. , VT6, VT7 R4, R5. , VT10, VT14 R8, R10. (VT16, VT18, R12). (VT12, VT17, VT15, R11), . (VT11, VT13, R9). : R6, R7, VT8, VT9, VD1, C1.
() U=f(U) (.8.3) - () U (f). ( .). , U= = const, - U¢< U. . .