1
- , :
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( )
( , , .)
: . - ,
. .
: (-10, -100, -1) (, , )
:
2
OSI, OSI 7- (International Standardization Organization - ISO). -
2 : 1) , ; 2) ,
1, , 0 1 . . / :
- 0 1
2, , . . IEEE 802.x : (LLC) (MAC). LLC , MAC .
3, . MAC- . .
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4, () .
5, . .
6, . (, ..) . 3-
7, . , .
: 1) AUI. 2) . 3)
4) 5)
14
TCP/IP :
, , , . , - - , , 11-0-17-3D-BC-01. , . - 6 : 3 - , 3 . , , .25 frame relay, .
IP-, 4 , , 109.26.17.100. . . IP- : . , Internet (Network Information Center, NIC), Internet. Internet NIC, .
IP . IP- - , . IP-. IP-, . IP- , .
-, , SERV1.IBM.COM. , , , , . , DNS-, , , FTP telnet.
, IPv4, , IANA ( RFC 1918 RFC 1597):
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10.0.0.010.255.255.255;
172.16.0.0172.31.255.255;
192.168.0.0192.168.255.255.
, , ; . - , IP , . IPv6, .
IP , IP- IP-. DHCP, IP- , TCP/IP.
:
ARP (. Address Resolution Protocol ) , MAC- IP-. IP, Ethernet, 100 % ARP.
(Address Resolution Protocol, ARP) -, , IP-.
ARP: ARP (ARP request) ARP (ARP reply). - ARP -. ( -) ARP.
Ethernet, ARP, , -. ARP , ARP. : - , IP-? IP- , : , IP-. : ARP .
ARP , IP-. ARP .
, ARP. Ethernet EtherType 0x0806, MAC- FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. , , SHA, SPA, THA, & TPA 32- .
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Hardware type (HTYPE)
, . , Ethernet 0x0001.
Protocol type (PTYPE)
. , IPv4 0x0800.
Hardware length (HLEN)
. Ethernet 6 .
Protocol length (PLEN)
. IPv4 4 .
Operation
: 1 2 .
Sender hardware address (SHA)
.
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|
Sender protocol address (SPA)
.
Target hardware address (THA)
. .
Target protocol address (TPA)
.
ARP
ARP ARP (ARP cache), .
IP .
2 .
ARP
ARP (ARP Announcement) ( ARP ) SHA SPA -, TPA SPA. , ARP- , .
15
IPv4
IP.
: A, B, C, D . "". . . , . , IP-.
24 31 | ||||
0....... | ........ | ........ | ........ | |
24 31 | ||||
10...... | ........ | ........ | ........ | |
24 31 | ||||
110..... | ........ | ........ | ........ | |
D | ||||
24 31 | ||||
1110.... | ........ | ........ | ........ | |
E | ||||
24 31 | ||||
1111.... | ........ | ........ | ........ |
IP- 4 TCP/IP IP-. IP- - , (, MAC- ). IP- , TCP/IP, DHCP. IP- .
IPv4. IP- 32 . IPv4 32 (2) 32- IPv4 8- - . ( 10) 0 255 -. . IP- .
IPv4 , IPv4:
. , , -.
. , - .
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. , , - .
IPv4 , . , , IPv4 .
( ) - IPv4, , , IPv4. TCP/IP . , TCP/IP.
( ) - IPv4, . .
IPv4 . IPv4 D : 224.0.0.0/4. IPv4 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255. IPv4 224.0.0.0/24 (224.0.0.0224.0.0.255) .
IPv4 IPv4 . , IPv4, . IPv4.
. 1 . 131.107.0.0/16 131.107.255.255. . IPv4 .
. 1 . 131.107.26.0/24 131.107.26.255. , .
, . 1. , , , . 131.107.26.0/24 131.107.255.255.
. 32 IPv4 1 (255.255.255.255). ,
100-200 : , , , 1024 . , . , 20-30 , . IP- ( -- ) -- . "" . , , . , , , , -- , .
IP | 144.144.19.22 | ||||
255.255.255.0 | |||||
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IP IP-, IP-, .. . , (. ) .
IP ( Classless Inter-Domain Routing CIDR) IP-, IP . (variable length subnet mask VLSM).
IP- . , , ? .
IP IP-, . IP-, 32 . , IP- , .
IP- , . , .
, IP- . , , , . , .
, 2 (2 ^ 8 = 256). 2 (256-2). , (1) IP- . , , .
16- 16 ( ), 1 (255). , , . , , .
IPv6-
IPv6 128 ( IPv4 32 ), 2128.
8 (x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x).
:
FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
.
Unicast - -.
Anycast - . Multicast - . IPv6 broadcast , IPv4.
16
IP
, , IP, :
IP , TCP/IP; IP , , ;
, IP , .