1. In all flowering plants seeds are always enclosed in a fruit-case.
2. Cone-bearing trees are non-flowering plants.
3. Algae take food and air from the surrounding water.
4. Algae live only in seas and oceans.
5. Brown and red seaweeds don’t contain chlorophyll.
6. Algae reproduce either sexually or asexually.
T E X T B
Algae: the Simplest Green Plants
The main difference between green plants and other living things is their ability to make food - complex starch and sugar molecules from simple carbon dioxide and water. They do this by the process of photosynthesis which requires the presence of chlorophyll, the material that produces the colour in all green plants.
Algae are the simplest organisms in the plant kingdom that possess chlorophyll and can make their own food. Algae vary in size: they may consist of a single cell, or a row of cells joined together to form a filament. The largest algae consist of a plant body called a thallus, which is made of many cells and gives the plant a ribbon-like appearance. Algae live in both fresh and salt water and may swim, float or fasten themselves to a firm surface. Some of them live in the soil and a few are parasites on animals and plants. All algae possess chlorophyll, but their green colour may be masked by other pigments. This provides a way of classifying them according to colour, for instance green algae (Chlorophyceae), brown algae (Phaeo-phyceae) and red algae (Rhodophyceae). Algae reproduce in various ways. Sexual reproduction may occur, resulting in the formation of a new individual by the fusion of two sex cells. Sometimes asexual reproduction takes place, in which spores are produced, or a single-celled alga splits in two. Vegetative reproduction occurs when a filament or thallus breaks into two parts to form new plant bodies.
One of the most common of the single-celled green algae is Pleurocoocus, whose colonies form a green film over the shady, moist side of tree trunks. Spirogyra is a common filamentous green alga which grows in ponds and stagnant pools. A salt-water alga with a thallus body is the sea lettuce, Ulva, which is eaten in salads in some parts of the world. Diatoms are single-celled algae (Bacillariophyceae), that live in fresh in salt water. They grow in enormous numbers and make up a great part of the floating organisms called plankton, which is found in all seas and is the food supply for many aquatic animals.
CRAMMAR EXERCISES
PRACTICE PARTICIPLE
Ex. 1. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the functions of Participle I and Participle II.
1. The nature of the mutations involved is unknown. 2. The mechanisms involved are worth investigation. 3. The nature of the cells concerned has not been determined. 4. The properties of the substances involved are as yet not clearly understood. 5. The phenomenon is rather complicated and the processes involved are not yet clear. 6. The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably. 7. The rate of a reaction depends on the specific nature of the substances involved. 8. None of the authors concerned had based his experiment on the method discussed. 9. Consideration of these cases may help us to isolate the various fundamental problems involved. 10. Being organic, the chromosomes must change their form. 11. Looking through the lists of species we find that the leaves are at varying heights above the ground in the different species. 12. Being perforated by animals the soil is consequently looser. 13. Examining the cell under a microscope we could watch its division. 14. Being examined under a microscope the cell reveals its secrets. 15. Being composed of many cells an organ of a higher plant is relatively thick. 16. Having examined a new specimen the taxonomist described its characteristics. 17. Having investigated the species within these individual environments we must first try to discover the chief peculiarities in their structure. 18. Having entered via the blood vessels the dividing mesodermal cells differentiate into the micro- or mesoglial cells. 19. Having analysed the properties of the liquid we discovered that it was poisonous. 20. Having lived in that town all his life, he knew it very well.
Ex. 2. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the functions of Participle II.
1. All of the above-mentioned investigators found a decrease in gastric mobility. 2. The reader may be referred to the book already mentioned. 3. Fungus filaments were demonstrated in all the soils examined. 4. The results obtained may be summed up in one simple statement. 5. All of the material bounded by the cell wall is referred to as protoplasm. 6. Cultivated under favourable conditions the vegetation is getting dense and luxuriant. 7. The species collected varied in their characters. 8. The data obtained confirmed the above statement. 9. The growing mass divided into two increased the surface without immediate increase in volume. 10. The fungus probably introduced by aircraft first occurred in Holland in 1958. 11. The cations tested passed through the protoplasm.
Ex. 3. Translate into Russian. Compare Complex Object and Complex Subject.
1. In moist weather the plasmodia may be found creeping about on the surface of or emerging from the various substrata within they developed. 2. The first two factors can be distinguished from the rest as having been internal, in the sense that they concerned the inherent constitution of the plant. 3. One of the foregoing theories can be regarded as convincing. 4. The two central fibers were presumed as being double, like the other nine and are shown enclosed in a membrane. 5. Using density gradient techniques, the author showed the specific fraction of Bacillis subtilis DNA as possessing an increased density. 6. I had the brakes of my car repaired at Morgan’s Garage. 7. I found a penny lying on the sidewalk. 8. I was tired, so I just watched them playing volleyball instead of joining them. 9. Kate smelt something burning in the kitchen. 10. When she ran into the kitchen, she saw fire coming out of the oven. 11. We consider matter being built up of atoms.
Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into Russian with Absolute Participle construction.
1. In a regular diploid species there are two chromosome sets, each chromosome type being represented twice. 2. The hare and the rabbit are different species of one genus, the dog, the wolf belonging to quite a different family. 3. The protoplasm is relatively homogeneous; apparently neither nucleus nor plastids being present. 4. The spores are shed when the water temperature rises to 200, shedding occurring each afternoon. 5. There being a very small nucleus in the centre of the cell, the structure is wholly different. 6. Other conditions being equal, the closely packed type will have a honeycomb structure. 7. Very few families of chlorophyceae lack this structure, those that do being the more highly evolved. 8. A number of microscopists, the most eminent being F. Cohn, described a great many morphological varieties of microorganisms. 9. In each group the cells become less closely packed, with clear spaces being visible between them. 10. All have a very definite alternation of generations, with the gametophyte being the dominant phase. 11. In the present chapter will be described the process of mitosis occurring as it does in the development of the body, particular attention being given to the behaviour of chromosomes. 12. Probably these twists are among the factors permitting localized survival of relicts of these two species, both widespread in Tertiary times. 13. The procedure involved successive series of stimulations at hourly intervals, each series being continued until the response disappeared.
PRACTICE INFINITIVE
Ex. 1. Use the Infinitives with or without the participle “to”.
1. I helped him (to find) his things. 2. He made me (to do) all the work again. 3. My neighbour let me (to borrow) his own car. 4. When I was a child I was made (to go) to the doctor whenever I felt ill. 5. I can’t (to think) what made him (to do) such a thing. 6. I felt the insect (to crawl up) my arm. 7. Let’s (to watch) the boys (to dive). 8. She heard him (to open) the door. 9. You’d better (to try) not (to think) about it. 10. I asked him if he was willing (to help) me (to do) the job. 11. Why not (to allow) her (to do) as she likes? 12. Why not (to let) her (to do) as she likes? 13. They were seen (to come) to the corner.
Ex. 2. Translate these sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Infinitive.
1. To prevent the spreading of this destructive disease is our main task now. 2. To dissolve this substance is not an easy matter. 3. To know how a plant grows is very interesting. 4. To solve this problem is very important in order to get higher yields. 5. To observe in detail the intracellular structure of most microorganisms with the light microscope is very difficult. 6. To perform the reverse experiment, removing the thoracic gland, is more difficult. 7. To avoid excessive multiplication of families and genera is a matter of convenience. 8. The main purpose of this chapter is to consider anthocyanins. 9. To determine these two phenomena is to investigate thoroughly their underlying mechanism. 10. The ultimate aim of the investigations is to correlate the observed structural and functional changes. 11. The function of this hormone will be to stimulate the secretion of progesterone. 12. The purpose of the mammary gland is to provide nourishment for the newborn child. 13. The author has attempted to make the student feel that genetics is a growing science. 14. It is hard to get lichens grow under laboratory conditions. 15. Observations on dogs treated with testosterone propinate led us test this compound in man. 16. The chromosomes cause the offspring to resemble their parents. 17. His interest in optics led him to examine all sorts of objects with the compound microscope. 18. Diseases cause changes to occur in tissues. 19. These findings may help to account for the results. 20. Their mouth-parts have been modified to serve purposes other than taking food. 21. A protoplasmic tube emerges from each pollen grain and grows down the style toenter the ovary. 22. To complete the list of species actually found in this habitat the following must be mentioned. 23. To separate the agar from walls of the tube, it is necessary to place the tube for a second or two into warm water. 24. He was too tired to be asked any questions. 25. Most of the leaves in such trees are too shaded to carry out photosynthesis efficiently. 26. This farm crop is drought resistant enough to grow under arid conditions. 27. This new method is not accurate enough to give any definite results. 28. All parts of a plant must be developed well enough to function properly.
Ex. 3. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the Infinitive Constructions.
1. Our scientists want this crop to mature earlier in northern districts. 2. We know the maximum temperature for germination of tomato to be higher than that required for other crops. 3. The microscope reveals milk to consist of droplets of butter fat dispersed in watery fluid. 4. We know phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur to be the primary elements. 5. Diffusion shows molecules of any substance to be in motion. 6. Although bacteria do have visible chromosomes, no one has ever seen bacterial cells fuse. 7. We expect every student to know the difference between the roots of the two plants. 8. People are known to act guiltily when they are innocent. 9. Mr. Kent is believed to have survived the accident. 10. Who is supposed to be in charge of the expedition? 11. Young Roy was said to be very attractive to girls. 12. He wasn’t expected to inherit the family business. 13. The group was reported to have got in touch with some university professors. 14. Tom was considered to be the cleverest boy in his class. 15. The committee was thought to have made a thorough investigation.
Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the construction "for+noun+lnfinitive”.
1. For the reaction to take place the temperature should be as low as possible. 2. For the viruses to be seen a powerful electronic microscope should be used. 3. For the information to be obtained they had to perform over 200 experiments. 4. They have created all necessary conditions for the experiment to be continued. 5. 8 minutes are required for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. 6. Certain conditions are necessary for life to be possible on planets. 7. For the seeds to develop normally they must be placed into proper conditions. 8. What is necessary for germination to occur? 9. Three months are needed for these plants to reach their maturity. 10. For tomatoes to grow well they should be provided with much warmth and light. 11. It is only for a specialist to draw a definite conclusion. 12. Certain environmental conditions are necessary for each stage to take place.
PRACTICE GERUND
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the functions of gerund.
1. Lowering the temperature increased the storage phase. 2. Discussing a problem with colleagues is always helpful. 3.Applying irrigation water in arid areas differs very little in principle from applying fertilizer in humid areas. 4. Flowering is important, as seeds are produced in flowers. 5. Applying this method to practice was of great importance. 6. The director is for extending the time of experiment. 7. The professor was against taking part in the conference. 8. Her greatest pleasure is going in for sport. 9. My favourite sport is swimming. 10. This work is far from being easy. 11. He likes treating most complicated problems. 12. She avoided expressing her opinion in public. 13. He hated being disturbed during the experiment. 14. Lots of people prefer discussing observations, problems together. 15. We remember having obtained these data in the previous experiments. 16. We can’t help remembering that this reaction is often followed by an explosion. 17. He likes treating most complicated problems. 18. She avoided expressing her opinion in public. 19. He hated being disturbed during the experiment. 20. Lots of people prefer discussing observations, problems together. 21. We remember having obtained these data in the previous experiments. 22. We can’t help remembering that this reaction is often followed by an explosion. 23. There is some reason for believing that the truth lies somewhere between these two extremes. 24. The doctrine opened wide opportunities for increasing the yields. 25. This is the main way of affecting photosynthesis by heavy metal ions. 26. They had no chance of reducing biological productivity of the lake. 27. They had experience in attending biological congresses. 28. This effect can be eliminated by heating the substance. 29. Substances increasing the rate of chemical change without entering into the reaction are known as catalysts. 30. On using the thermometer we realized that the temperature of the soil was increasing. 31. Upon cooling the water vapour condenses. 32. Moisture was conserved in case of preventing the capillary rise of water in the soil.
Ex. 2. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the gerundial constructions.
1. We objected to this student taking part in the conference. 2. He insisted on me signing the contract immediately. 3. He insisted on my returning soon. 4. On the lecturer’s appearing in the hall, everybody stood up. 5. There was a probability of Petrov’s being sent to Moscow. 6. She wrote the letter to him without my knowing it. 7. There is no excuse for his doing such a thing. 8. Their leaving before the end of the concert attracted attention. 9. They objected to the experiments being conducted in our laboratory. 10. They informed us of the discussion having already been summarized. 11. We have heard of the agreement having been reached. 12. The loss of heat resulted from oxygen being prevented from releasing in this reaction.
Ex. 3. Translate into Russian, state the form and the function of the Gerund.
1. Drying reduced the number of protozoa. 2. Is there any reason for believing that flocculation occurs in all natural water? 3. It is worth noting in this connection that there are at least two kinds of analyses practised by science. 4. At all events the resistance of lichens to disease is an important factor in aiding them to be long-lived. 5. The investigator is usually faced with the problem of having to work with low concentrations of plant material. 6. An enzyme greatly speeds the rate of the reaction without being much damaged itself by the reaction. 7. Large spores are liberated at ground level instead of being deposited on surfaces. 8. Fortunately Atropa plants that showed signs of having been eaten were found in the vicinity. 9. Decreasing the alkalinity of the blood by injecting acetic acid into it reduced the resistance to a large extent. 10. Besides closely resembling the large lymphocytes these cells have slightly more cytoplasm and a more eccentrically placed nucleus. 11. Increasing the concentration of substrate decreases the amount of inhibition, and, conversely, decreasing the substrate concentration increases the inhibition. 12. Other conditions being equal, evaporation increases density by concentrating the materials being dissolved.
UNIT V
Test I
Variant 1
