, , . (Complex Subject).
| All students are supposed to study four foreign languages at this University. | , . |
, :
1) : to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe ..;
2) : to see, to hear ..
3) , , ..: to suppose, to report, to prove, to turn out, to appear, to seem, to say;
:
to be (un)likely , ,
to be certain, to be sure ,
to come out, to turn out , to seem , to appear , to prove , to happen . , , is believed, is considered, is reported, is said . . - .
| The people of all ancient civilizations are known to have made maps. | , . |
| She doesn't seem to be interested in her speciality. | , . |
| The temperature is unlikely to fall thesedays. | ( ), . |
Complex Subject:
(he) is reported to,., / / , ()...
(he) is believed to... / , ()
(he) is considered to... / , ()...
(he) is thought to... / , ()...
(he) is understood to... no ()..., / , ()..., ()...
(he) is expected to... / , ()...
(h) alleged to... / , () ...
(he) is heard to... , ()...
(he) is seen to... / / , ()...
(he) is felt to... , ()
(he) seems to... , ()...
(he) appears to... -, ()...
(he) is likely to.. -, ()..., , ().., / ()...
(he) is unlikely to... , ()..., /
(he) happens (happened) to... ().., , ()...
(he) is sure (certain) to... () / / ...
Exercise 1. Choose the correct translation.
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| 1. The investigation is expected to be completed before the summer vacation. | ) ; ) ; ) . |
| 2. Our computing centre is reported to have solved a number of important problems. | ) ; ) ) . |
| 3. We are likely to write this test next week. | ) ; ) ; ) . |
| 4. They are certain to change their plans. | ) ; ) ; ) . |
PARTICIPLE
, . , , (a running man, a revolving part, a dancing girl, a smiling boy, a revolving stage), (a big part, a bad day, a good night).
I ( , ).
() , ing .
reading
discussing
| I | ||||
| , , | creating | being created | ||
| going | ||||
| , , | having created | having been created | ||
| having gone |
Participle I ( ) , , -, , , , , , , -, -, , , .
I .
Participle II ( II) , ( ), ( ).
taken ( to take)
swum ( to swim)
II, . , II, , .
discussed , , , .
II , , , .
II -: -, -, -, -, , : invented , , , built , printed ..
II , , , .
I II
| I. : 1) | ||
| The flowing water is always cool. He answered through the locked door. A broken cup lay on the table. | . . . | . |
| 2) | ||
| The building housing the University will soon be built. The picture seen by you at the Art museum is really beautiful. | , , . , , . | a) . |
| The girl writing this test is our groupmate. The article written by that student is of great interest for everybody. | , , . , , . | ) . |
| 2. | ||
| Turning slowly, she went to her room. | , . | ) ; |
| While translating the article, he consulted reference books. When written, the textbook was handed to the editor. | , , . , . | ) . |
| 3. | ||
| has become a research worker. The poor woman was amazed. He seemed tired, but kept working. | (). . , . | , . , , . |
| 4. | ||
| is reading the book. He has been reading it since 12 o'clock. I was given a book. The test was written without a single mistake. | . 12 . . . | , . |
Exercise 1. Analyze and translate the sentences.
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1. People beginning to study languages often say that it is difficult to memorize words.
2. If frozen, water becomes ice.
3. The method used depended on the material selected.
4. In England the weight of luggage allowed varies with different railways.
5. Being shown this manuscript, he said that it belonged to the fifth century of our era.
6. Having been written, the translation was given to the teacher.
7. When read, this novel will be returned to the library.
8. Having solved the main problem, the scientist made a report on his research.
9. Having been written, the letter was posted.
10. This much-praised man proved to be a rogue.
11. The man was picked up in an almost dying state.
12. Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.
13. When reading "The Pickwick Papers", one can't help laughing.
14. They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together.
I II :
1) (the Objective Participial Construction, the Objective-with the Participle I, II Construction);
2) (the Subjective Participial Construction, the Subjective with the Participle I Construction);
3) , (the Absolute Participial Construction).
THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION
, I II , () , .
:
1.
2. I
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3. .
1. , , , , , , .
e. g. It being Sunday, there was no one at the office. ,
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e. g. Weather permitting, we shall go to the country. ,
.
2. , , , , .
e. g.Many scientists have tried to solve this problem, their attempts coming to nothing. , .
e.g. Aluminium is a light metal, the copper being much heavier.
, .
THE GERUND
(the Gerund) . , . .
smoking
rowing
understanding
speaking
dancing
driving
, , . .
| , , | writing | being written | ||
| going | ||||
| , , - | having written | having been written | ||
| having gone |
, . :
| 1. | ||
| Travelling around the world has become my hobby. | () . | . |
| 2. | ||
| My favorite occupation is reading. | . | . |
| 3. | ||
| finished painting the picture. | . | . |
| 4. ( ) | ||
| I simply love riding a horse. Thank you for coming. I am fond of collecting stamps. | . , . () . | , . |
| 5. | ||
| There are different ways of solving this problem. | . | . |
| 6. | ||
| One can demonstrate this by making a very simple experiment. | , . | . |
:
) : to remember, to like, to hate, to finish, to mind, to keep, to continue, to avoid, to forgive, to enjoy, to deny, to fancy, to dislike .;
) , : to burst out, to give up, to go on, to put off, to depend on, to hear of, to insist on, to know of, to object to, to prevent from, to rely on, to result in, to succeed in, to think of .;
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) : to be aware of, to be sure of, to be worth (while), to be afraid of, to be astonished at, to be displeased / pleased with, to be famous for, to be fond of, to be glad at, to be interested in, to be proud of, to be surprised at .;
) :
because of -, , ;
due to ;
instead of - ,;
for the purpose of
with the object of , ;
with a view to
in the event of - ;
it is (of) no use
it is useless ;
it is no good
it is not worth while .
| What's the good of? I cannot afford I cannot help | ? ... |
Exercise 1. Analyze the sentences.
| 1. is proud of winningthe first prize. | , / . |
| 2. The teacher began askingquestions on the text. | . |
| 3. I cannot afford studying abroad now. | . |
| 4. In spite of being ill, he came to the final discussion. | , , . |
| 5. Instead of goinghome he continued his work. | , . |
| 6. I dislike your doing nothing. | , ( ). |
| 7. I am not fond of being looked at. | He , . |
| 8. She was not pleased at my coming. | , . |
| 9. My doctor succeeded in savingmy life. | . |
| 10. Do you mind my using your phone? | , ( )? |
, , .
| 1. | |
| smoke is dangerous. . | Smoking is harmful for one's health. . |
| 2. | |
| I want to cook dinner myself. . | I like cooking. . |
| 3. | |
| They succeeded in getting the tickets for the plane. . | |
| 4. | |
| I shall achieve my goal by any means. . | |
| 5. | |
| We began to translate this text last week. . | We began translating the article only yesterday. . |
| 6. | |
| The problem is to do everything in time. . | The problem is saving the time. , . |
| 7. | |
| I was too busy to see anyone. , -. | We came to study here for acquiring knowledge. . |
| 8. | |
| was the first to come and congratulate us. , . | The idea of utilizing the energy of oceans and seas for man's needs is not new. . |
