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| Active terms and expressions |
| staff paper | |
| staff | ; (, ); ; |
| general staff | |
| command | ( ); ; 璺; ; ; |
| established chain of command | |
| decision making | |
| personnel section (G1) | ; |
| intelligence section (G2) | ; |
| operations and training section (G3) | ; |
| logistics section (G4) | ; |
| civil affairs section (G5) | ; |
| ranking officer | |
| coordination | ; ; |
| immediate superior | |
| subordinate | |
| control | ; ; ; ; . [] |
| Situation | ( ) |
| Command and Signal | ( ) |
| Service Support | ( ) |
| Mission | 璺 ( ) |
| Execution | () ( ) |
| concept of operation | |
| heading | ( ) |
| body | |
| ending | ( ) |
| coordination instructions | 䳿 |
| operation order (OPORD) | |
| movement order (mvmt O) | [, ] |
| warning order (WO) | |
| fragmentary order (FRAGO) | ; |
| administrative order (ADMINO) | |
| service support order (SSORD) | 䳿 |
| general order (GO) | |
| specific order (SO) | ; |
| court-martial order | |
| bulletin (bul) | ( ); |
| circular | ( ); ; |
| combat order | []; |
| directive | ; |
| memorandum | ; ; |
| annex | |
| order | ; ; ; ; ; |
| plan | ; ; ; ; ; |
| estimate | ; ; |
| commanders estimate | |
| operations estimate | ; |
| personnel estimate | |
| intelligence estimate | ; |
| logistics estimate | |
| civil-military operations estimate | 䳿 |
| signal estimate | |
| special staff estimate | |
| staff estimate | |
| task organization | ; []; |
| service support plan (SSPLAN) | |
| supporting plan | ; |
| contingency plan | |
| concept plan (CONPLAN) | - |
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| to accomplish assigned missions | |
| to discharge responsibilities | |
| to assist the commander in decision making | |
| to acquire and analyse information | |
| to make a decision | |
| to keep the commander abreast of the situation | |
| to feed the commander information on the progress of the battle | |
| to carry out the commanders decisions | |
| to issue order | |
| to assign a task | |
| to make assumptions about the nature of the situation | |
| to conduct military operations | 䳿 |
| to expedite movement | |
| to conserve time and energy | |
| to provide notification | [] |
| & | 
| Prepare translation of the main text |
Staffs and Staff Papers
Command is the authority that an immediate superior lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes planning, organization, mission, coordination instructions, and control of the unit to accomplish assigned missions. It also includes the responsibility for health, welfare, morale, training, and discipline of the soldiers. The final decision and responsibility remain with the commander. The commander discharges his responsibilities through an established chain of command. When the commander assigns a mission to a subordinate, he also delegates the necessary authority and provides him with the instructing guidanceto accomplish the mission.
Staff
The staff assists the commander in decision making by acquiring and analysing information. The commander specifically delegates authority to the staff or particular staff ranking officers. The general staff is organized specifically to be a single, cohesive unit and consists of G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 sections. All staff members must know not only their own functions and roles, but also the functions of the other staff members. The staff establishes and maintains a high degree of coordination with staffs of higher,lower, and adjacent units. The staff supports the commander in the exercise of command and helps him to support subordinate commanders in the execution of their mission. The staff continuously provides information to the commander, sometimes before and sometimes after the information has been analyzed. This information is not necessarily provided to make an immediate decision, but to keep the commander abreast of the situation. This is critical during the battle. The staff must continuously feed the commander the information on the progress of the battle.
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The commander and his staff make estimates that apply to any operational situation and all levels of command. They use estimates to look at possible solutions to specific operational missions and requirements. These estimates can form the cornerstone for staff annexes to orders and plans. Types of estimates generally include, but are not limited to: the commanders estimate, operations estimate, personnel estimate, intelligence estimate, logistics estimate, civil-military operations estimate, signal estimate, special staff estimates. Normally, commanders and staffs do not produce written estimates. Units normally do staff estimates by exception, graphically representing data and statistics on charts to assist the commander in decision making.
The staff prepares and issues plans and orders to carry out the commanders decisions, coordinating all necessary details. The commander may delegate authority to staff officers to issue plans and orders without his personal approval. A single staff officer is assigned the responsibility for preparing and publishing a plan or order. Other staff officers prepare elements of the plan or order in their areas of interest.
Plans and Orders
Plans and orders are the means by which the commander expresses to his subordinates his battlefield visualization, intent, and decisions. Focusing on the results, the commander expects to achieve - his vision of the end state of an operation. This gives subordinates the maximum operational and tactical freedom to accomplish the mission while providing only the minimum restrictions and details necessary for synchronization and coordination. Plans and orders are the method the commander uses to synchronize military actions. They also help the staff to synchronize the commander's decisions and concepts.
The annexes describe the additional support and synchronization necessary to accomplish the command's assigned tasks. All operation plans and orders:
have five paragraphs: SITUATION, MISSION, EXECUTION, SERVICE SUPPORT and COMMAND AND SIGNAL;
provide task organization and the scheme of maneuver;
provide a clear, concise mission statement, based on the mission assigned by the higher headquarters, that includes execution time and date;
convey the commander's intent and concept of operations;
usually include an overlay;
Plans
A planis a proposal for executing a command decision or project. It represents the command's preparation for future or anticipated operations. Because plans concern future operations and help the staff make assumptions about the nature of the situation at the time of execution, they cannot remain static. As the commander and staff change or adjust their estimates to reflect the current analysis of the situation, they must also change the plans.
The OPLAN is a plan a command uses to conduct military operations. Commanders may initiate preparation of possible operations by first issuing an OPLAN.
A service support plan provides information and instructions covering an operation's service support. Estimates of the command's operational requirements are the bases for the service support plan. The SSPLAN becomes the service support order when the conditions of execution occur.
Other plans are the supporting plan, which complements another plan, the contingency plan, which provides for accomplishing different, anticipated major events before, during, and after an operation, and the concept plan, which the corps uses when augmented to become a joint task force. It is an abbreviated plan, or an outline, for an operation that requires considerable expansion or alteration to convert it into an OPLAN or OPORD.
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Orders
An orderis a written or an oral communication directing actions. The standing sequence divides a complete order into the heading, the body, and the ending. Orders are based on plans or the receipt of a new mission. There are two general categories of orders: administrative and combat. Administrative orders cover normal administrative operations in garrison or in the field. They include general, specific orders, courts-martial orders; and bulletins, circulars, and other memorandums. Combat orders pertain to strategic, operational, or tactical operations and their service support. Combat orders include operation orders, service support orders, movement orders, warning orders, and fragmentary orders.
OPORDs are directives the commander issues to subordinate commanders to coordinate the execution of an operation. They always specify the execution time and date. The SSORD provides the plan for service support of operations, including administrative movements. It provides information to supported elements and serves as a basis for the orders of supporting commanders to their units. SSORDs may be issued either with an OPORD, or separately when the commander expects the combat service support situation to apply to more than one operation plan or order. It is usually in writing and may include overlays, traces, and other annexes.
The movement orderis a stand-alone order that facilitates an uncommitted unit's movement. The movements are typically administrative, and troops and vehicles are arranged to expedite their movement and to conserve time and energy when no enemy interference (except by air) is anticipated. Normally, these movements occur in the communications zone.
The WO is a preliminary notice of an order or action that is to follow. Warning orders help subordinate units and their staffs prepare for new missions. Warning orders maximize subordinates' planning time, provide essential details of the impending operation, and detail major time-line events that accompany mission execution. The amount of detail a warning order includes depends on the information and time available when the order is issued and the information subordinate commanders need for proper planning and preparation. The warning order clearly informs the recipient of what tasks he must do now as well as informs him of possible future tasks.
The FRAGO provides timely changes of existing orders to subordinate and supporting commanders while providing notification to higher and adjacent commands. Commanders may authorize members of their staff to change existing orders by issuing FRAGOs in their name. A FRAGO is either oral or written and addresses only those parts of the original OPORD that have changed. The FRAGO differs from an OPORD only in the degree of detail provided. The higher headquarters issues a new OPORD when there is a complete change of the tactical situation or when many changes make the current order ineffective.
| s | Answer the questions |
1. What is command and what responsibilities does command include?
2. How is the general staff organized?
3. What are the tasks of the staff in supporting the commander's concept?
4. What estimates do you know?
5. What combat documents can you mention?
6. What is the classification of combat orders?
7. What paragraphs does the body of an OPORD include?
| > | Read, decipher and translate abbreviations |
S1; S2; S3; S4; S5; OPORD; WO; FRAGO; ADMINO; SSPLAN; CONPLAN; GO; SO; SSORD
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| N | O |
| Translate into Ukrainian |
Staff; adjacent unit; established chain of command; decision making; personnel section; operations and training section; civil affairs section; coordination; lawfully; by virtue of rank or assignment; Command and Signal; Mission; concept of operation; body; coordination instructions; operation order; warning order; administrative order; general order; court-martial order; circular; directive; annex; plan; commanders estimate; personnel estimate; logistics estimate; signal estimate; staff estimate; battlefield visualization; scheme of maneuver; service support plan; contingency plan; outline; service support; trace; uncommitted unit's movement; communications zone; time-line events; to discharge responsibilities; to acquire and analyse information; to establish and maintain a high degree of coordination; to make a decision; to feed the commander the information on the progress of the battle; to carry out the commanders decisions; to synchronize military actions; to provide a clear, concise mission statement; to make assumptions about the nature of the situation; to augment; to specify an execution time and date; to conserve time and energy; to provide notification.
| N | O |
| Translate into English |
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( ); ( ); () ( ); ( ); ( ); - ; ; ; ; ; ( ); ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 䳿; ; -; ; ; ; ; 䳿; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 䳿; ; ; ; .
| ó | N | O | 
| Translate quickly |
(, ); command; ; lower unit; ; decision making; ; personnel section; ; operations and training section; ; civil affairs section; ; coordination; ; lawfully; ; by virtue of rank or assignment; ; Situation; ( ); Service Support; 璺 ( ); Execution; ; heading; ; ending; 䳿; administrative operations; ; movement order; ; fragmentary order; ; service support order; ; specific order; ; bulletin; ( ); combat order; ; memorandum; ; order; ; civil-militaryoperations estimate; ; battlefield visualization; ; ; scheme of maneuver; 䳿; service support plan; 䳿; contingency plan; -; outline; ; service support; ; trace; ; uncommitted unit's movement; ; communications zone; 䳿; time-line events; ; to discharge responsibilities; ; to acquire and analyse information; ; to establish and maintain a high degree of coordination; ; to provide information; ; to keep the commander abreast of the situation; ; to form the cornerstone for staff annexes to orders and plans; ; to issue orders; 䳿; to assign a task; ; to convey the commander's intent and concept of operations; ; to conduct military operations; to augment; (); ; to specify an execution time and date; ; to expedite movement; ; to maximize subordinates' planning time; ; in one's own name.
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| A | Build up your vocabulary |
| overprinted map | |
| overlay-type order | -; ( ) |
| operation overlay | ( ); |
| standing operating procedure | |
| road movement order | |
| air movement order | |
| form of combat order | [ ] |
| date-time group | () |
| attachments and detachments | ; |
| fire support plan | |
| barrier plan | |
| permanent change of situation order | |
| intelligence summaries | |
| periodic intelligence reports | [] |
| prisoner-of-war interrogation reports | |
| analysis of the area of operation reports | |
| order for attack | |
| order for defense | |
| worksheet |
| N | Translate at sight |
. . . ³, , . . . ³ , . . 䳿. . .
, . , . , 䳿 . , . ϳ . . . , . : , , , .
| O | Translate by ear |
Staff Responsibilities
The executive officer (XO) ensures coordination of staff work except in those specific areas reserved by the commander. The commander allows him to command during training exercises to prepare him to assume command in combat.
The regimental S1 is assisted by the headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT) adjutant general, which handles personnel services, postal services, morale support, and administrative services for the regiment. The regimental HHT commander serves as the headquarters commandant for the main command post and answers directly to the regimental XO. He normally delegates the function of maintenance support to the HHT XO and the function of supply to the HHT first sergeant.
The S2 officer keeps the XO updated on the enemy situation and works closely with the fire support elements. He is the expert on the enemy and understands in detail how he fights. The S3 remains responsive to directives from higher headquarters.
The S4 maintains close coordination with the S3 for combat service support status.
The S5 officer has staff responsibility for those activities embracing the relationship among the military forces, the civil authorities, and people in the area of operations. The staff consists of those officers and enlisted soldiers who assist the commander in planning and supervising tactical operations. The staff assists the commander by providing staff studies, making estimates, preparing summaries and orders, and supervising the execution of orders issued by the commander.
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