Personnel in protective clothing will be slow to respond to rapid changes in mission. NBC protective posture consists of the overgarment, mask, hood, overboots, protective gloves, individual decontamination kits, detection equipment, and antidotes. For the detection of atomic threat troops are issued radiac instruments which include survey meters and dosimeters. Radiacs are designed to detect alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation. They are essential to measure the intensity and extent of contamination and to protect personnel by determining the radiation dose they receive.
Protective Ensemble
Various methods of decontamination allow units to lessen the adverse impact of an NBC attack. They include basic skill decontamination, hasty and deliberate decontamination. Various armies of the world use different types of chemical protective clothing for individual protection. Several types are available in the US Army. The type depends on the protection required, but all fall within two major divisions: permeableand impermeable. Permeable clothing allows air and moisture to pass through the fabric. Impermeable clothing does not. An example of impermeable clothing is the special butyl rubber suits worn by some explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel and decon soldiers. Most troops use battledress overgarments (BDOs). This suit is a camouflage colored, woodland or desert, expendable two-piece overgarment consisting of one coat and one pair of trousers. The jacket and trousers have a zipped front and zipped legs. Due to heavy impregnation of charcoal, some charcoal may be deposited on skin and clothing under the BDO. The BDO provides protection against chemical agent vapors, liquid droplets; biological agents; toxins; and radioactive alpha and beta particles. The BDO is water resistant, but not water proof, water repellent and is normally worn as an outer garment. The BDO is normally worn over the duty uniform; however, in high temperatures it may be worn over underwear. Its protective qualities may last for a minimum of 30 days. Donning of the BDO provides a minimum of 24 hours of protection against exposure to liquid or vapor chemical agent.
s | Answer the questions |
1. What is the difference between conventional and nuclear explosion?
2. What is the chain reaction?
3. What principles is the design of an atomic bomb based on?
4. What are the principal effects produced by a nuclear explosion?
5. What are the basic NBC protection areas?
6. What instruments for the detection of atomic threat do you know?
> | Read, decipher and translate abbreviations |
NBC; NBC; BDO; EOD; WMD
N | O | Translate into Ukrainian |
Atomic bomb;nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons; shock wave; destructive action; fission; fusion; implosion; chain reaction; uranium; tamper; premature disruption; flash burn; thermal radiation; instantaneous burst; gamma rays; fallout; delayed fallout; extent of contamination; radioactive weapon residues; heat-induced reaction; hazardous levels of NBC contamination; liquid droplet; airburst; gun-type weapon; thermonuclear; nuclear, bacteriological, chemical defense; contamination avoidance; collective protection; protective clothing; individual protection; dosimeter; basic skill decontamination; alarm placement; hasty decontamination; protective ensemble; overgarment; hood; protective gloves; moisture; risk reduction; NBC protective posture; individual decontamination kit; survey meter; explosive ordnance disposal personnel; in general; to be accompanied by a considerable increase of temperature; to push away the surrounding medium; to be emitted in the form of light and heat; to release penetrating nuclear radiation; to be identical to; to rise the radioactive residues to a great height; to break up into a pair of nuclear fragments; to detonate the atomic bomb; to be equipped with; to have a range of energies characteristic of the temperature; to respond to rapid changes in mission; to remove hazardous levels of NBC contamination; to degrade unit performance.
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N | O | Translate into English |
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; [] ; [] ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( ); ; ; ; ; ; ; ᒺ; ; ; ; ; 㳿; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; .
ó | N | O | Translate quickly |
; nuclear bomb; ; blast wave; ; high explosivebomb; ; nuclear explosion; (); fissile material; (); nuclear fission; ; nucleus; ; neutron; ; critical mass; ; fissile mass; ; flash burn; ; thermal radiation; ; instantaneous burst; ; gamma rays; ; fallout; ; delayed fallout; ; portable launchers; ; ; mushroom-shaped cloud; ; high-altitude nuclear burst; heat-induced reaction; ; hazardous levels of NBC contamination; ; liquid droplet; [] ; airburst; [] ; gun-type weapon; ; ; mass casualties; , ; protective equipment; ; force protection; ; protection; ; broad areas; ; survey meter; ; decontamination; ; effects; ; automatic masking criteria; ( ); deliberate decontamination; ; neutron radiation; ; mask; ; overboots; ; detection equipment; ; impermeable clothing; ; vulnerability assessment; ; shelter; ; decon soldiers; ; battledress overgarment; , ; to have an enormous impact on the conduct of all operations; ; rapid release of a large amount of energy; ; to be accompanied by a considerable increase of temperature; ; to push away the surrounding medium; ; to be emitted in the form of light and heat; ; ; harmful invisible rays; ; to be a hazard; ; to form a heavier helium nucleus; , ; to produce a chain reaction; ; to weld together into a supercritical assembly; ; to use fissile material; 㳿; to reduce the vulnerability of force to an NBC attack; ; to lessen the adverse impact of an NBC attack; , ; to produce mass casualties; ; to don the BDO.
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A | Build up your vocabulary |
battlefield atomic weapon | |
fissile chain | |
decomposition | ; |
fusion bomb syn. thermonuclear bomb | |
chemical compound | |
hydrogen | |
plutonium | |
isotope | |
TNT equivalent | |
supercritical mass | |
shock wave propagation | |
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) | |
ground zero (GZ) | |
induced reaction | |
exposed personnel | |
spray | ; ; |
blister gas | 䳿 |
nerve gas | - 䳿 |
incendiary agent | |
choking gas | 䳿 |
blood gas | 䳿 |
irritant chemical gas | 䳿 |
high excess of air | |
yield | |
radiological monitoring and survey | |
severe damage | |
damage control | - ; |
impregnated clothing | |
radiation tolerance | |
donning | |
radiation hazard | |
initial nuclear radiation | |
primary burn | |
secondary burn |
N | Translate at sight |
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. ᒺ . , . 㳿, . . . , , .
. 㳿, 20 . ϳ - , , , . , , , , , . ϳ , , . , .
, . , . , . . .
ճ - , . , . , . 䳿 : - 䳿, 䳿, 䳿, 䳿, 䳿 .
O | Translate by ear |
Nuclear Explosion Hazards
Fallout radiation is received from particles that are made radioactive by the effects of the explosion, and subsequently distributed at varying distances from the site of the blast. While any nuclear explosion in the atmosphere produces some fallout, the fallout is far greater if the burst is on the surface, or at least low enough for the firebalI to touch the ground. The significant hazards come from particles scooped up from the ground and irradiated by the nuclear explosion. The radioactive particles that rise only a short distance (those in the "stem" of the familiar mushroom cloud) will fall back to earth within a matter of minutes, landing close to the center of the explosion. Such particles are unlikely to cause many deaths, because they will fall in areas where most people have already been killed. However, the radioactivity will complicate efforts at rescue or eventual reconstruction. The radioactive particles that rise higher will be carried some distance by the wind before returning to the earth, and hence the area and intensity of the fallout is strongly influenced by local weather conditions. Much of the material is simply blown downwind in a long plume. Rainfall also can have a significant influence on the ways in which radiation from smaller weapons is deposited, since rain will carry contaminated particles to the ground. The areas receiving such contaminated rainfall would become "hot spots," with greater radiation intensity than their surroundings.
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