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35. - - \ - -, -. , , - .
(1)
v :
- (2)
/ . (1) , =const
,
(3)
(4)
(5), (4) (5) (2)
(6)
(1) (6)
: , :
- - , dψ=(δψ/δxk)xldxk+(δψ/δxl)xkdxl . - , 2 ψ δ/δxl(δψ/δxk)=δ/δxk(δψ/δxl). , , , (δ/δxl(δu/δs)ν)s=(δ/δs(δu/δν)s)ν, (δu/δs)ν (δu/δν)s /- (δT/δν)s=-(δp/δs)ν. (δT/δp)s=(δν/δs)p; (δs/δν)T=(δp/δT)ν; (δs/δp)T=-(δν/δT)p. 4 - /- - /- . , 1- 2- /-, ,
36. .. / - . . (, , .., , ).
, , rB = pB/ = ( -)/, r = p/, = + . M = MBrB + Mr = [28,96( - )/ ] +18,016 p/. , = j pH, , , , = 28,9610,94j pH/p. - - . R = 8314/M, R = 8314/(28,96 10,94p/p) = 8314/(28,9610,94j pH/p). j = 0 ( ) R = RB = 287 /(*). j = 1 ( ) pH = p, a R = R = 461 /(*). . : gB = (mB/m) = mB/(mB+m) = 1/(1+d); g = (m/m) = m/(mB+m) = d/(1+d). m , , d . R = (287 + 461d)/(1+d). : /r = 8314T/(28,96 10,94p/p), r = (28,96-10,94)/(8314). , (. . ) . , . , d = r'/r'B, r = (r'/d)(1+d). r' = m/V = p /(R T) = d*p/[0,622+d)R T)] r' (12.19), r = p(1+d)/[(0,622+d) R T] (1+d) (, , 1 ). 1 d : cP = cPB+d*cP, cPB cP - -. - , , cPB1 /(-) cP1,93 /(-). , 1 d , h = h+d*h, h - , h - . , . h = ct = t, cPB = 1. , . , , - , . h = r + cP t, r - 0. r = 2501 /, h = 2501 + 1,93t. h = t + (2501+1,93t)d. : h = t + (1555+1,2t) jpH)/( jpH). , () (), h = t + (2501+1,93t)d 2 dh dThT, d dT - ; h = ct = 4,l9t hT = 2,lt - 335 - . h = t + (2501+1,93t)d + 4,l9dt + (2,lt 335)dT. d = d.
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37. . /. 3- .
- /- , - . . , - /- , /- . /- - - . 1 /-
- , - -. - du=(δu/δs)υds+(δu/δυ)sdv. (δu/δs)υ=T, (δu/δυ)s=-p. - s p. - i=f(s,p) di=(δi/δs)pds+(δi/δp)sdp. (δi/δs)p=T, (δi/δp)s=υ. - s p. 1 /- , - . υ T. - F=f(υ,T) dF=(δF/δT)υdT+(δF/δυ)Tdυ, : (δF/δT)υ=-s, (δF/δυ)T=-p. 1 /
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38. .. dh . -
, dh - .
dh . . (1918) - , , . dh d (/ ), - h (/). dh - , . \ h = const =135 d = const. d = const h = const (t = const) j = const. dh - - . - dh- - d = const. - d = const -. - (j = 100%). , . dh - . - d = const j. j = 100% . -, j = 100%, . , . . . . , . condicio, . , . , . - , .
39. . /. .
4 : u(s¸υ), i(s¸p), F(T¸υ), G(T¸p). /- : (δu/δs)ν=T, (δu/δν)s=-p, (δi/δp)s=ν;(δF/δT)ν=-s;
(δi/δs)p=T; (δF/δν)T=-p; (δG/δT)p=-s; (δG/δp)T=ν. /- .
- - /. - -, . /, \ , 1 2 /. du, di, ds, 1- /, /- -. υ T, : du=(δu/δT)υdT+(δu/δυ)Tdυ.
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/- . T=nst duT=TdsT-pdυT, (δu/δυ)T=T(δp/δT)υ-p (δu/δυ)T=T(δp/δT)υ-p, (δuδT)υ : du=cdT-pdυ, υ=const duυ=cυdTυ, duυ/dTυ=(δu/δT)υ=cυ. , i=f(p,T) di=(δi/δT)pdT+(δi/δp)Tdp. (δi/δp)T: diT=TdsT+υdpT, (δi/δp)T=T(δs/δp)T+υ (δi/δp)T=-T(δυ/δT)p+υ. (δi/δT)p: δq=cpδT, cp- . (δi/δT)p=cp. - υ p, : du=(δu/δp)υdp+(δu/δυ)pdυ. (δu/δp)υ=(δu/δT)υ(δT/δp)υ, (δu/δp)υ=cυ(δT/δp)υ, p=const dup=cpdTp-pdυp, (δu/δυ)p=cp(δT/δυ)p-p.
41. - - \ - -, . , , .
(1)
v :
- (2)
/ . (1) , =const
,
(3)
(4)
(5), (4) (5) (2)
(6)
(1) (6)
: , :
- dQ - - dT :
1-2 - QI-2 : .
- ( ), :
( ) ,
m- ; m- ; V - , ( 101325 ; 273,15 ). : /(.),/(.) /(3.).
- -, , - . - , , + - ..
- : ,
- - : .
- , sT-