Windows NT HOSTS DNS, NetBIOS, LMHOSTS. , .
NBNS LMHOSTS 1-MHOSTS :
1. , Windows NT . , ( ).
2. , HOSTS. IP-, . HOSTS .
3. HOSTS, - DNS. DNS, IP-, .
DNS , 5, 10, 20, 40, 5 10 20 .
4. DNS , NetBIOS - NetBIOS. NetBIOS, IP- .
5. NetBIOS, . , IP- .
6. , LMHOSTS. IP- . , - IP-.
HOSTS
HOSTS - , IP-. HOSTS UN1X. HOSTS Ping TCP/IP , , . , HOSTS NetBIOS ( Microsoft TCP/IP-32).
HOSTS . IP- . HOSTS localhost.
HOSTS , , .
HOSTS . \systemroot\System32\Drivers\Etc.
255 , .
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HOSTS:
# This file used by Microsoft TCP/IP utilities
127.0.0.1 localhost loopback
102.54.94.97 rhino.microsoft.corn
131.107.2.100 unixhost UNIXHOST # LAN Manager UNIX Host
131.107.3.1 gateway GATEWAY # Default Gateway
DNS
(Domain Name System)
1980 ARPANET . Hosts Stanford reseach institute's Network Information Center (SRI-NIC) - . SRI-NIC Hosts .
. , ARPANET , :
Hosts
SRI-NIC, Hosts
SRI-NIC
Hosts (flat) , .
ARPANET Hosts. - DNS - , (hierarchical) .
RFC 1034 RFC 1035.
DNS
DNS : DNS, (resolvers), .
DNS- . , , , .
- , - . DNS (application layer) UDP TCP/IP .
DNS - IP-. DNS, , IP-.
DNS- UDP ( ), TCP .
DNS-
DNS- . , IP- Web-. DNS- .
DNS- ( ) IP-. , , . - (domains).
,
. - (root domain). (null lable), .
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(top-level domains)
com -
edu -
org -
net - ( , Internet)
gov -
mil -
num -
arpa - (reverse) DNS
xx -
. .
, (subdomains). , Microsoft microsoft.com , ftp.microsoft.com, , dev.microsoft.com. , ntserver.dev.microsoft.com
. (full qualified domain name FQDN). : Fileserver microsoft.com FQDN- fileserver.microsoft.com
(zone of authority) - , . IP- .
, , (zone root domain). . , .
DNS-
DNS- . . .
. , , .
. , (zone transfer).
, .
- , , . .
- , ( ) .
- .
, . , DNS- .
DNS- DNS-, . DNS (master name server). , DNS- . DNS- .
DNS-
DNS- , . - DNS-, , . , ( ), , .
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DNS- , , - . . , .
DNS
, DNS-: (recursive), (iterative) (inverse).
DNS- , , . , . DNS- DNS-.
DNS- . DNS-.
: , , DNS- IP-, www.whitehouse.gov.
1. DNS- DNS- , IP- www.whitehouse.gov. DNS-.
2. DNS- , . www.whitehouse.gov.
3. DNS-, , IP- - .gov.
4. DNS- DNS- .gov www.whitehouse.gov.
5. DNS- .gov IP- , whitehouse.gov.
6. DNS- DNS- whitehouse.gov www.whitehouse.gov.
7. DNS- whitehouse.gov IP-, www. whitehouse.gov.
8. DNS- IP- www.whitehouse.gov.
DNS- , IP-. -, DNS IP- , .
, , in-addr.arpa. IP- , . IP- , , in-addr.arpa I-. , in-addr.arpa , IP- , .
in-addr.arpa - (pointer records, PTR), IP- . , , IP- 157.55.200.51, DNS- 51.200.55.157. in-addr.arpa. IP- 157.55.200.51. . DNS- .
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TTL
. , , . (time to live, TTL). DNS- , . , TTL , . DNS-.
, TTL. TTL DNS-. DNS- TTL, , .