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Methods of practical level




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Methodology of FLT is a science which studies aims of teaching, content of teaching, methods, means and principles of teaching.

System of teaching- is a common model of teaching process, which corresponds to a definite methodological conception. This conception determines the selection of the material, aim, forms, content and means of teaching. E.g. System of teaching of H. Palmer (Speaking priority), M.West (Reading priority).

Approach- is a strategy of teaching FL. There are 4 approaches in Methodology:

1) behaviorism (based on intuition)

2) inductive- conscious (based on consciousness)

3) cognitive(usage of all cognitive mechanisms)

4) integrative (integration of previous 3 approaches).

Technology- is a complex of approaches, having a special purpose for getting effective result. E.g. project work, role plays, case technologies, pragma- professional tasks.

There were opinions according with which FLTM is an Applied science. According to Belyaev B.V., M. West FLTM is a rather an Applied Psychology. According to Charles Frees and L.V. Sherba FLTM is a rather an Applied Linguistics.

FLTM is a pedagogical science. It has its subject of investigation, object of investigation, methods of research. The object of investigation is a process of teaching. Its subject of investigation are aims and objectives of Teaching, the content of Teaching, means, methods and devices of Teaching.

Categories of FLTM

* aim (Why) - Aims are determined by the social requirements, by the requirements of people and society. Final aim formation ICC

* content (What) Aims determine the Content of FLT (What to teach?). there are 3 aspects (pragmatic, cognitive, pedagogical)

* methods (How)

The word method primarily means a way of doing something. The word method has two meanings: 1) a branch of science 2) a way of teaching. FLT Methodology has undergone many changes in the course of its development. There were different methods, trends, aims of teaching, content of teaching, different techniques, devices and approaches of teaching. A method is a generalized model of realization of the main components of teaching process, oriented on fulfillment of the main methodological task.

Methods of research:

Methods of theoretical level

1. critical study of literature;

2. method of analysis

3. method of synthesis

4. modeling

5. method of induction (from particular to general)

6. method of deduction

7. method of analogy

Methods of practical level

1 observation (1-4 main methods) 2 generalization of teachers experience 3 experimental work 4 experiment 5 method of form (5- 9 supplementary methods) 6 testing 7 interview 8 use of chronometer 9 statistical and mathematical processing

FLTM can be general and special. General concerns with all languages. Special deals with particular language.

!!!The thing is that FLTM doesnt deal with a study of language itself, it only deals with methods of teaching language phenomena.

FLTM closely connected with many sciences such as Linguistics, Psychology, Pedagogy, Psycholinguistics, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Linguistics, Linguodidactics, Statistics, Philosophy, Phisiology, Didactics, Cybernetics

> Linguistic one of the basic sciences FLTM deals with. Linguistics deals with language and speech. Language is a system, it exists. Speech is a process, it happens. Language is a social phenomena, speech is an individual phenomena. It is of paramount importance for FLTM to use the results of linguistic investigations

> Pedagogy, especially Didactics, - both of them, FLTM and Pedagogy deals with a process of theaching. FLTM may be regarded as a Special Didactics as a branch of Linguodidactics. The link of Pedagogy and Methodology are revealed in the use of the didactic principles: (activity, visuality, durability, consecutiveness, accessability, consciences, systematicness)

> Psychology helps to understand the process of learning and teaching, which implies the cognitive mechanism of memory, perception, thinking and its process (analyses, synthesis, anticipation, comparison, induction, deduction, etc). and motivation. Because is a psychological phenomenon

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4. Aims and objectives are the first and most important consideration in any teaching. Hence the teacher should know exactly what his pupils are expected to achieve in learning his subject, what changes he can bring about in his pupils at the end of the course, at the end of the year, term, month, week, and each particular lesson, he should know the aims and objectives of foreign language teaching. The changes the teacher must bring about in his pupils may be threefold: practical pupils acquire habits and skills in using a foreign language; educational they develop their mental abilities and intelligence in the process of learning the foreign language; ultural pupils extend their knowledge of the world in which they live. Therefore there are three aims, at least, which should be achieved in foreign language teaching: practical, educational, and cultural.

The nature of the language should also be taken into consideration in determining the aims of language teaching. Learning a living language implies using the language of sounds, that is, speaking. The length of the course, the frequency of the lessons, the size of groups should also be taken into consideration in adopting practical aims. The amount of time for language learning is one of the most decisive factors in mastering and maintaining language proficiency since learners need practice. The more time is available for pupils' practice in the target language, the better results can be achieved. Moreover, for the formation of speech habits frequency of lessons is a more essential condition than the length of the course. In foreign language learning all forms of work must be in close interrelation, otherwise it is impossible to master the language.

Educational aims. Learning a foreign language is of great educational value. Through a new language we can gain an insight into the way in which words express thoughts, and so achieve greater clarity and precision in our own communications. Even at the most elementary level learning a foreign language teaches the cognizance of meaning, furnishes a term of comparison that gives us an insight into the quality of language. When learning a foreign language the pupil understands better how language functions and this brings him to a greater awareness of the functioning of his own language.

Since language is connected with thinking, through foreign language study we can develop the pupil's intellect. Teaching a foreign language helps the teacher develop the pupils' voluntary and involuntary memory, his imaginative abilities, and will power. Indeed, in learning a new language the pupil should memorize words, idioms, sentence patterns, structures, and keep them in long-term memory ready to be used whenever he needs them in auding, speaking, reading, and writing.

Cultural aims. Learning a foreign language makes the pupil acquainted with the life, customs and traditions of the people whose language he studies through visual material (such as post cards with the views of towns, countryside, and people; filmstrips, for example, "Great Britain", "What Tourists Can See in London", "Disney Land" films) and reading material dealing with the countries where the target language is spoken. Foreign language teaching should promote puipls' general educational and cultural growth by increasing their knowledge about foreign countries, and by acquainting them with progressive traditions of the people whose language they study. Through learning a foreign language the pupil gains a deeper insight into the nature and functioning of language as a social phenomenon.

Methods of foreign language teaching is understood as a body of scientifically tested theory concerning the teaching of foreign languages in educational institutions. It covers three main problems as: content of teaching, i. e. what to teach to attain the aims; methods and techniques of teaching, i. e. how to teach a foreign language to attain the aims in the most effective way to meet modern requirements.





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