, .
( 1 => => ). 2:
(, ).
( ). . , (. ), .
.
, IP- , ( ). , ( IPv6 ):
IP-: 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 (192.168.1.2) : 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0) : 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000 (192.168.1.0). , :
192.168.1.0 | 255.255.255.0 | 192.168.1.1 |
192.168.1.2. , , 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.0. 192.168.1.1, .
36. ARP/RARP.
ARP (. Address Resolution Protocol ) , . IP, Ethernet, 100 % ARP.
1982 RFC 826. ARP IP- Ethernet. , ARP, , .
ARP IP , IP- MAC-.
ARP MAC- 3- (Layer 3 protocols addresses). ARP 2- (Layer 2 addresses); , ATMARP ATM NSAP Classical IP over ATM .
, ARP. Ethernet EtherType 0x0806, MAC- FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. , , SHA, SPA, THA, & TPA 32- .
|
|
Hardware type (HTYPE)
, . , Ethernet 0x0001.
Protocol type (PTYPE)
. , IPv4 0x0800.
Hardware length (HLEN)
. Ethernet 6 .
Protocol length (PLEN)
. IPv4 4 .
Operation
: 1 2 .
Sender hardware address (SHA)
.
Sender protocol address (SPA)
.
Target hardware address (THA)
. .
Target protocol address (TPA)
.
ARP .
ARP , . , IP- ARP . , Ethernet.
, ARP , . ARP , Ethernet. ARP IP- , , - . .
, , Ethernet. UNIX "route add default 128.6.4.2 0", 128.6.4.2 - IP- . , 0 , IP-, , .
IP- Ethernet, Ethernet- . ARP-. ARP- , IP- , Ethernet-, , IP-, . , ARP-. IP- ARP- Ethernet-. ARP, .
ARP , . , 128.6.5 128.6.5.2 ( A .12). IP- 128.6.4.194, Ethernet ( B 128.6.4). IP- 128.6.5.1, ( R).
ARP- A B, A ARP- B. A : " - Ethernet- 128.6.4.194, ". B . Ethernet ARP-. R . R : " , IP- 128.6.4.194 Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD", 2:7:1:0:EB:CD Ethernet- . , 128.6.4.194 Ethernet, A, Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD. A IP- B, Ethernet-. , IP-, R, .
|
|
, TCP/IP . ARP . :
1. IP- , ;
2. IP- , ;
3. - ;
4. .
ARP - . , . IP- , "route add defailt...", UNIX. IP- . ARP , .. 0, IP- , ARP IP- . ARP-.
, , TCP/IP ARP , .
38. . TCP/UDP, SPX.
( ?), . TCP / IP .
, ( IP), ; OSPF (IP 89).
TCP (IP 6) , , , . TCP , . , TCP , . UDP.
UDP (IP 17) . , , . , , TCP.
UDP , , , , - (, DNS), , .
|
|
TCP, UDP , . TCP UDP.