- .
(-) - - , , .
- ( ). - . 2- :
( )
( - . ).
.
- .
(-) - - , , .
- ( ). - . 2- :
( )
( - . ).
.
- ( ) . 2- :
. ( ). - , / , - .
() . , (broadcast). , .. .
RIP.
RIP (. Routing Information Protocol) , ( ), .
RIP - , ( ) . , RIP 15 ( 16 ). RIP- 30 , . RIP TCP/IP, UDP 520.
RIP , , EIGRP, OSPF. 15 . .
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command - , (1 - request; 2 - response)
version - , ,
must be zero -
RIP Entry - (RTE) RIP. RIP 1 25 RIP Entry.
IP.
Internet Protocol IP (. internet protocol ) , () TCP/IP.
IP (RFC 791) , . , ( OSI) . , , , ( ; ), ( ) . ( ) OSI , TCP IP .
IP- , . , , - , , . .
IPv4 4.IHL IP- 32- (dword). . 5. , . .3 . , DF (dont fragment) MF (more fragments) , . , . - (. IANA protocol numbers RFC 1700). IPv6 Next Header.
IPv6 6. (QoS, ). , . ( IP- ). . , . .
, IP- , . , IP-, , ( [1]) , IP- , (RFC 1918)[2]:
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10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 ( A 16777216 (224) [3])
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (16 B 65536 (216) ; 1048576)
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (256 C 256 ; 65536)
2001:0DB8::/32 IPv6
- NAT. ́ IP.
, (, ), , IANA ( ICANN, ) [4] , RIPE NCC.
.
́ ( [́]; . Internet, . Interconnected[?] Networks ; . ́, ) . . , , . , , - .
, , , .
2008 , , 1,5 ( ).[1]
.
2008 , .
, , . IP (. Internet Protocol) .
IP . () , , IP-, . IP, , , , , ; ( ) , .
( ) , IP- . IP , , . IP- . , .
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IP IETF (. Internet Engineering Task Force; Task force ), . IETF . IETF . RFC. . RFC IAB (. Internet Architecture Board ) (. Internet Standard). 1992 IETF, IAB - (. Internet Society, ISOC). , .
IP-.
IP- (- , . Internet Protocol Address) , IP. , .
: IPv4
4 IP 32- . IP- (IPv4) ( 0 255), , , 192.168.0.1. ( 128.10.2.30 )
: IPv6
6 IP (IPv6) 128- . (. fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf). (fe80::200:f8ff:fe21:67cf). .
() .
IP- : . (192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12 10.0.0.0/8). , - (Regional Internet Registry, RIR). IANA[1] RIR: ARIN, ; APNIC, - ; AfriNIC, ; LACNIC, ; RIPE NCC, , , . IANA, - (Local Internet Registries, LIR), .
IP . . IP-. IP-. IP-, . , IP- , .
IP- 10.96.0.0/11. IP-. . 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000 : 255.224.0.0. 11 IP- , 32 − 11 = 21 . , 10.96.0.0/11 10.96.0.0 10.111.255.255
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IP- CIDR- , UNIX INET-.
IP IP-:
IP- , , ; ICMP;
IP- 1, , , . (limited broadcast);
, , , . , 192.190.21.0 255.255.255.0 192.190.21.255 . (broadcast).
IP- , , , .
IP- :
DHCP (RFC 2131) .
BOOTP (RFC 951) , .
IPCP (RFC 1332) PPP (RFC 1661).
Zeroconf (RFC 3927) , , .
RARP (RFC 903) , ( - ) ARP. ( VLSM).
IP- , IP- . , , VPN-.
IP- :
( );
( );
, ( VPN, , IP-).
IP-.
0, , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .) , 224, 16 777 216 .
10, . 16 , 2 . , 216, 65 536 .
110, . 24 , - 8 . , 28, 256 .
1110, D , - multicast. D, , .
11110, , , .
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