,
.
1. . , , . ?
2. (, .)? , ó ?
3. , ?
4. , ? ?
5. . .
6. , , , , .
7. .
1.1. , , --, r 0 = 0,15 , 10 % , , . r,
? (1.1)
1.2. r 0 0,267 , 0,50 , . , 4,07 , 4,34 . , , , 0,945 E.
1.3. A l, E:
, (1.2)
e , l r 0 , Ar = 1,7476, a, Aa = 3,4951. Ar Aa.
. , , .. , , ( r 0), . , , . , .
1.4. , Ar = 1,7627; Aa = 2,035.
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1.5. , , , .
1.6. (121) ().
1.7. {111} .
1.8. , : A = 1 a; B = 3 a; C = 5 a, .
1.9. , (), .
1.10. , 1 2 (100) (111) , l = 0,2352 .
, l 1/4 . = = 4×0,2352× = = 5,43×1010 . . 1.1 , (100) ( ): = 4×1/4 + 1 = 2.
NS = n / S = n / a 2 = 2/(5,43×1010)2 = 6,78×1018 2 = 6,78×1012 2.
. 1.2
(111). : = 3 ´ ´ 1/6 + 3×1/2 = 2.
= 7,84×1018 2 = 7,84×1012 2.
1.11. : ) ; ) ; ) (222), (200) (221).
1.12. : ) ; ) ?
1.13. ? ?
1.14. .
1.15. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
F , .
, (1.3)
Z , ; V ,; V , V = 3;
, (1.4)
r ;
, (1.5)
Ni ; Nf ; N ; Nc .
Z = 8, a = 8 r, F = 0,34;
Z = 1, a = 2 r, F = 0,524;
Z = 2, a = 4 r, F = 0,68;
Z = 4, a = 4 r, F = 0,74.
1.16. , 2-, 3-, 4- 6- .
, . 1- - ( 1) . , a. 2 1 , 1¢. ( 1)- , ¢. , 1¢ ¢ , , a . , = , . a. . 1.3
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= = ( 3) + 2 s a, (1.6)
s a = (3 + )/2. (1.7)
, , (1.7) , . 1.1.
. 1.3. , ,
1.1
(1.7) ,
s a | a | ||
1 | 1- | ||
2 | 1/2 | p /3 | 6- |
3 | p /2 | 4- | |
4 | 1/2 | 2 p /3 | 3- |
5 | 1 | p | 2- |
1.17. .
1.18. , 8920 /3, . , .
d = / 3, ; , ( ). = 4. , = / N, ; N ,
.
.
1.19. ( 0), (111) , 2Q = 43, Q . , 0,154 ? ?
1.20. , a (l = 0,1542 ), Q: 12,3; 14,1; 20,2; 24,0; 25,1; 29,3; 32,2 33,1. . , , , .
, (, ) ( [4]).
- (hkl)
, (1.8)
dhkl ; Q ( ); l ; n ( = 1, 2, 3, ).
, (1.9)
.
(1.8) = 1, h, k, l 0, 1, 2, 3 .. = 2, 3 ,
;
(1.10)
,
(, d 111/2 = d 222, d 111/3 = d 333), .. = 2, 3, , (nh nk nl).
(hkl). hkl ; hkl ( ).
l (1.8) (1.9)
; (1.11)
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.
Q (100) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) = 1, (110) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) =2, (111) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) =3 .. ( hkl - hkl , 100 2 200 .)
(h + k + l), Q (110) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) = 2, (200) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) = 4, (211) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) = 6 ..
; (111) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) =3, (200) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) =4, (220) (h 2 + k 2 + l 2) = 8 ..
sin2Q : sin2Q ~ 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20. (111), (200), (220), (311), (222), (400), (331), (420).
1.21. , 0,11 , 0,25 .
1.22. (j = 2Q, Q ), a- (l = 0,1542 ) :
) = 0,404 ( );
) = 0,303 ( ).
1. , . ?
2. , , . , 60- ?
3. . , , , , . "" , , . ?
4. , ?
5. ? ()? ?
6. ? , , ?
7. p - n - x. , p - n - 2 x?
8. , , , , , . , , , . , ? , ?
2.1. T = 300, 800 1000 , 2,3 2 . , 3,6 , 4,2 .
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2.2. 0,75 . , 500 .
2.3. 3 . , 550 ?
2.4. , 2 . , , 1000 , , 10‑8 %.
2.5. D (T):
T, | |||||
D, 2/ | 1×1012 | 4×1013 | 1,1×1013 | 4×1015 | 1,6×1016 |
, . , .
, (2.1)
Q ; k ; ; D 0 .
(2.1):
(2.2)
(2.2)
; (2.3)
, (2.4)
, (2.5)
D(ln D) ; D(1/ ) .
, 103 . lg N = 0,4343ln N;
. (2.6)
k = 8,62×105 /,
.
lg D (103/ ) (. 2.1), , 0,2, Q .
. 2.1. lg D (103/ )
2.6. D (T) ( Q D 0):
T, | |||
D, 2/ | 1×1015 | 2×1014 | 2×1012 |
2.7. D ():
T, | ||||
D, 2/ | 6×1013 | 2×1012 | 2×1011 | 5×1010 |
D T = 1420 .
2.8. N (x):
N, 3 | 1020 | 1019 | 1018 | 1017 |
, |
, 1000 , 1000 .
( ) N :
, (2.7)
t ; Q ( ); D .
(2.7) , :
, (2.8)
N 0 .
, :
(2.9)
ln N (x 2) (. 2.2).
. 2.2. ln N (x 2)
tg a = 1/(4 Dt).
, lg N = 0,4343ln N.
, (2.10)
D(lg N) ; D( 2) .
. (2.11)
2.9. N (x):
N, 3 | 1021 | 1020 | 1018 | 1016 |
, |
3600 , 1200 . p - n -, 1015 3.
2.10. t = 1000 = 4 0,888 N 0, N 0 . .
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( ) :
, (2.12)
N 0 N ; t ; D ;
( );
; , . .2 .
. . .2 z = 0,1,
.. .
D.
2.11. p - n - N A = 1016 3. 1100 , 1010 2/, 1021 3, 1 .
1. . -.
2. ? ?
3. ? ?
4. (. ) . Ge Si ( )?
5. ? . ?
6. . .
7. " ". ? ?
8. , , , ( T = Q E), , .
9. ( ) ?
10. , : F (x) = bx, .
3.1. E r, :
) (r = 2330 /3, E = 10,1×1010 /2);
) (r = 5360 /3, E = 7,9×1010 /2);
) (r = 2650 /3, E = 5,7×1010 /2).
3.2. , , 5×103 /.
[4], w w :
w ( k = 0) ;
w ( k = p /2 , 2 ) , b ; ;
w ( k = p /2 ) , m ;
w ( k = 0) .
Ga =69,72 ...; As = 74,92 ...; 1 ... ( ) = 1,66×1027 .
b :
, (3.1)
k, .
3.3. .
3.4. , 3.1, ( ): ) ; ) .
3.5. , 3.1, ( ): ) ; ) .
3.6. , 3.1, ( ): ) , ) .
3.7. T = QE (QE = 200 ), QE .
,
, (3.2)
; ; w ; k ; .
. (3.3)
3.8. , (wmax), Q D = 250 .
3.9. ( ) , : l = 13 /(×), c = 44 /(×) u = 5×103 /. r = 2,65×103 /3.
, (3.4)
v ; u ; L .
v - .
, v -:
, (3.5)
V ; ; m ; m/m .
. (3.6)
3.10. , , b = 50 /, g = 500 /2.
f (), , b g:
. (3.7)
, , .
3.11. , ( T = 400 ) r 0 = 3 , . g = b /(2 r 0), b . = 10 /2.
, (3.8)
l ; dl / l dT.
a b g:
, (3.9)
k ; b = r 0× , ; g (1/2)×(b / r 0),
. (3.10)
(3.8) :
, (3.11)
D = 400 ( 0 400 ).
3.12. , 100 16 .
, (3.12)
a , a = 136, /2; D .
(3.12)
/2,
1 ‑ ; D 1 .