To go shopping, casual wear, to be in fashion, to look for a bigger size, to fit, to complain, to make a fuss, to be too tight, to express smb`s personality, to try smth on, to put on, sports clothes, elegant
Make up a conversation using your active words from Unit 8 and following the instructions:
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Discussion
People and clothes, clothes and me. How clothes influence people`s character.
Shopaholics: are they sick people?
Revision (Units 6,7,8)
Make up a conversation between a traveler and a resident of some city. Try to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this city. Use your active vocabulary from Units 6,7,8. (40 words)
Revision (Units 1-8)
Write a story about the… family. Speak about their family contacts, food preferences, careers, leisure. Remember that they live in a city(town, village…), travel and go shopping. Make up a presentation or a film to prove your story. You should use 60 words and word combinations from all the Units.
Part II
A Brief Outline of English History
Unit I. England before and during the Roman Invasion
The territory of Britain has been populated for than 250 000 years. There is little information about man`s development during this period of time. The knowledge of the period is based on the ways of hunting, farming, increasing skills in making tools and weapons. In the Mesolithic period (8000-2700 before Christ) people had to adapt to post-glacial conditions. At this period they used tools, such as axes. About 4000 before Christ the Neolithic people grew corn, kept animals and knew how to make pottery. About 2000 widespread farming existed. The most remarkable achievement of the Neolithic period was its architecture. They made burial mounds, which are known as barrowers and built special tombs, one of the most famous of them is Stonehenge, which dates before 2000 B.C.
Neolithic society was transformed before 2000 B.C. by the arrival of the so-called Beaker folk. It got its name from the drinking vessels found with their dead. These people knew how to work with metal. From the eighteenth century B.C. the tempo of development quickened because of the increased trade with the Continent, and Iron Age was introduced into Britain. Iron age had spread through lowland Britain by the sixth century B.C., though Bronze age persisted in much of the north and west until the arrival of Normans 500 years later.
On the whole the Britons were divided into about 40 tribes with their own leaders and laws. The tribes had different cults but the leading religion on the territory was the Religion of the Druids.
At the end of the second century B.C. Celtic invaders settled in Southern England.
The next and superior invaders were the Romans. The direct Roman impact on England lasted for 500 years and for 330 (78-409 A.D.) the whole of England and Wales was ruled by Rome. The aim of the Romans when they came to Britain in 55 B.C. was to absorb the country into the Empire. Julius Caesar was the first of the Romans to come to the territory of England from France, which he had conquered before. It is supposed that he landed at Deal. The inhabitants and his troops fought several battles without much advantage to each side before the winter came and the Roman Army set off to France. The following year the attempt was made again and this time Caesar had an easy victory. But as he advanced farther he met more resistance, he also had lack of food for his army. As a result he left the country.
The further conquest came in 43 A.D. when an army of Emperor Claudius invaded Britain. The emperor got the submission of a number of British kings and left. But there was a lot of fighting before Britain was conquered. Thus the Britons` army under the command of Caractacus opposed the Romans fiercely. The British chief was defeated and sent to Rome where in disgrace he was led along the streets like slaves. There is a legend that Caractacus did not submit and behaved proudly, that made the Emperor set him free and treat as an equal. By 49 A.D. most of lowland England was under Roman control. The last serious resistance came in 61 A.D. when queen Bodiciea led her people in revolt. The major Roman settlements were stormed and destroyed. The revolt was suppressed and the Romans continued to rule. The leader of the revolt committed suicide not to be captured. The Romans established a flourishing province, founded the first cities, e.g. Londinium, where it was convenient to bridge the Thames. The city became the center of Northern Europe. Britain became a big exporter of corn, lead and tin and hunting dogs. During the times of Roman invasion the Romans had to defend Britain from the attacks of many tribes, who came from the northern part of Europe. The Roman fleet was unable to prevent Saxon piracy. In 367 there was a combined attack on Britain by Picts, Scots and Saxons. At that period the Roman Empire was also suffering from the attacks of barbaric tribes. In 410 the Roman Army withdrew leaving Britons victims to their enemies. The Britons wrote a sort of letter to the Roman Emperor in which they asked for help, but in vain. The document was called the Groans of the Britons. The British population retained Latin as a language of upper classes. Soon after that England was occupied by Picts and Scots. Different sources give various ideas of the penetration of Saxons to the territory of Britain. Some of them said that in the fourth century Roman Britain was threatened by the Saxons, people living on the territory of Denmark. Others imply that the Britons were compelled to send a deputation to their land and ask them for assistance against the Picts and Scots. The Saxons were considered to be the most warlike nation in Europe. They forced the wild tribes back but occupied the western part of the island themselves Sussex, Essex, Wessex. The other tribes took some more parts of the country. The Jutes settled down in Kent, the Angles along the eastern coast.
I. Read the text, translate it into Russian.
II. Memorize the words, answer the questions:
| glacial - ледниковый | What was the Neolithic period remarkable for? |
| pottery - керамика | What ancient monuments do you know? |
| tomb - гробница | Who led the most serious revolt against the Romans? |
| druid - друид | What did the Romans give Britain? |
| invader-завоеватель | When did the Roman Army withdraw? |
| development - развитие | What do you know about Julius Caesar? |
Unit 2. Anglo-Saxon England. Alfred the Great
The Picts and Scots fought against each other until the ninth century. By 450 Essex, Kent and Sussex were held by the Saxons. The legendary king Arthur reigned somewhere between 490 and 503 and at this time he won a great victory over the Saxons at Mount Badon. The tribes continued to be pagans, professing polytheism, common to many Germanic and Scandinavian peoples. The names of their gods can be heard now in the words naming e.g. days of the week: Woden (the god of war), Thor (the god of thunder), Freya (the goddess of peace). Christianity spread in England about the sixth century. In 597 a mission from the Pope reached Canterbury and was a success. (The story goes that in his youth the future Pope Gregory the Great saw 2 or 3 English boys brought there by slave-dealers. They were beautiful and the monk wondered who they were. Learning about their land he promised that one day he would turn that country into a Christian one. He said that they were "No Angles" but "Angels"). He sent Augustine to baptize England. It was not difficult to do it, as the mission found support in some rulers on the territory of the island. Thus one of the local kings Ethelbert was married to a Christian woman, daughter of the West-Frankish king. Another king Edwin also married a Christian girl, whose brother made a condition to baptize his country. The man who helped to keep Christianity and wrote the first historical notes about the country and its people was Bede the Venerable (672-735).
By the early seventh century Saxon Britain was divided into 7 kingdoms, 4 smaller: East Anglia, Kent, Essex, Sussex, and 3 big ones: Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex. The Saxons were good farmers. They lived in strong family and tribal units, the most prominent feature of which was intense loyalty to the king or chief.
At the end of the eighth – the beginning of the ninth century Wessex was ruled by one of the most famous figures in the history of the country - king Alfred the Great (871-899). He was the youngest son of king Aethelwulf, who died when the boy was 10. He came to the throne in 871 at the age of 22 after the reign of his 3 elder brothers. While he was there the prince Alfred took part in his brother Ethelred`s fight against the Danes. He was responsible for training the soldiers and it was he who started building ships to protect the country from the sea. Later it brought him the nickname "the father of the Royal navy". Alfred went down in English history as a great warrior and a man of great learning. In the first years of his reign Alfred continued his struggle against the Danes who had settled down in the northern part of England and wanted to conquer the other part. Alfred`s victory over the Danes in 879 led to the signing of the Treaty of Wedmore by which the Danes promised not to invade Wessex any more. England was divided into two parts by the Thames. The north was given to the Danes and got the name the Danelaw. The southern bank belonged to the Saxons. That was not the final division and even later Alfred continued his struggle. Alfred brought peace to Wessex and during the following 14 years he devoted himself to uniting the Saxon lands restoring the country to normal life At the end of his reign he managed to win the final victory over the Danes and force them out of England. His court at Winchester became one of the most important scientific and cultural centers of the 9th century Europe.
During his reign many scholars came to Wessex. Alfred did much for the education of people. He founded many schools and ordered to translate books from Latin into English. He himself translated Latin texts including "The History of the English Church and people" and "Pastoral Cares" by Pope Gregory. Those books were written in Old English. He also started the famous Anglo-Saxon chronicles. Alfred paid much attention to monasteries and wrote his code of laws, which is called the "Dooms of Alfred". Alfred was a very popular and a legendary figure. Many stories of various kinds are known about him, e.g. the famous story of burned cakes. Some scholars or writers even mention the names of all the participants of the events. According to Stephen Percy, the woman`s name was Swetha and the whole incident took place before Alfred`s reuniting with his army about 880. Alfred took refuge in a poor farmer`s house, and the mistress of the house asked him to look after the cakes she was baking, because she was busy in the garden. Alfred promised to do it but forgot and the cakes were burned. When the woman returned, she scolded the king or even beat him. Alfred thanked her for the good lesson she had taught him and soon left the cottage and joined his army. The next day the battle was won and the peasants Swetha and Dunulf got posts in the king`s household. Another story runs that in order to see what was happening in the enemy`s camp Alfred and his nephew put on the clothes of ministrels, took harps and penetrated the camp of the Danes. They sang so well that Guthrum the Dane king presented them with a gold chain. While staying in the camp they saw how big the Danish army was and managed to plan the military campaign well.
I. Read the text, translate it into Russian.
II. Memorize the words, answer the questions:
| reign - царствовать | When did Christianity come to England? |
| pagan - язычник | What kind of ruler was Alfred the Great? |
| court – двор, суд | What books did Alfred translate? |
| penetrate - проникать | What legend about Alfred is the most famous one? |
| peasant - крестьянин | What tribes did Alfred fight against? |
| go down in history- войти в историю | What do you know about Bede the Venerable? |
Unit 3. Alfred's Followers
Alfred was followed by his son Edward the Elder and his grandsons: Athelstan, Edmund, Edred, Edwy the Fair and Edgar the Peaceful It was Edward the Elder who started the growth of his kingdom. He was a successful warlord. On the death of Aethelred of Mercia Edward annexed London and Oxford and by 920 had conquered the Danish East Anglia. Then he gained control over much of Wales and his rule was acknowledged by the Northumbrians. By the end of his life he united all the 7 kingdoms into one. The king`s doings were finished by his son Athelstan (924-929). He made Wales pay tribute and submitted the population of Cornwell. He had to fight against the alliance of the Danish Prince, the king of Scots. In 937 he defeated them in the battle of Brunanburgh. After his death his younger brother Edmund fought against the Danes. Edmund came to the throne at 18. The Danes attacked England, hoping the king was too young to prevent the invasion. In 940 Olaf, the Danish king, seized the territory of Northumbria and Mercia, but the next year after the king`s death Edmund made an attempt to gain back the lost territories. He established an alliance with the Scottish king Malcom and continued his war against the Danes. He was called Edmund the Magnificent and died tragically killed by the robber at his feast. He saw the man, Leof by name, who was an outcast and had no right to be near the king. Edmund tried to make him leave the room, the man disobeyed and stabbed the king.
Another legendary ruler is Edwy the Fair (955-959) whose reign was no success. He inherited the crown at 15 and his reign is associated with one of the first cases of enmity between a king and a cleric. The famous clergyman Dunstan, known by his chastity opposed the young king`s behaviour, after what he was accused of embezzlement and sent to exile. The man was considered to be saint, he had visions, lived in a small cell etc. The legend says that at the coronation the king left the feast and went to his mistress and Dunstan dragged him back by the hair.The king got offended and sent Dunstan away.
The real follower of Alfred the Great was his grandson Edgar the Peaceful (959-975). He got the power at 13, but in spite of his age he turned out to be a wise man. His first act was to call back Dunstan, who later became his counselor and helped him in his development of education and revival of the cultural and religious life, which his grandfather Alfred the Great had begun. He introduced new laws and strengthened the national fleet. His greatest achievement was the reform of monasteries. He got his nickname because he tried to avoid wars and paid attention to the peaceful development of the country. The legend about him is the legend of his second marriage. He heard about a noble girl, Elfrida, famous for her beauty, and sent his friend to propose to her on his behalf. The young man fell victim to the lady`s charm, proposed to her and married her. The king was told that in reality she was ugly and stupid. When the bride learnt about it she managed to appear before the king, seduce him and made him kill her husband.
His successor was his son Edward (975-978), called the Martyr. Edward was Edgar`s son by his first marriage. His stepmother Elfrida claimed the throne for her own son, but the barons preferred Edward. He also ruled with the help of Dunstan. The king was killed three years later by his stepmother Elfrida`s order. After death Edward became the symbol of innocence and later was called a saint.
I. Read the text, translate it into Russian.
II. Memorize the words, answer the questions:
| аlliance - союз | Which of Alfred`s grandsons was his real follower? |
| revival - возрождение | Why did Edgar get his nickname? |
| enmity - вражда | What kind of woman was Elfrida? |
| stab – заколоть ножом | What was Dunstan? |
Unit 4. England before the Norman Invasion
In 978 Ethelred the Unready (978-1016) became king. He was the second son of Edgar the Peaceful by Elfrida. Ethelred was not very popular because of the accident with his brother and his mother who was hated by people. The nickname he got has different meanings. They say that "Unready" meant ill-advised or it really meant "unready" as nobody prepared him for ruling the country. His reign was long and inglorious. During the 30 years of his reign he managed to lose everything his predecessors had gained. But in reality he did his best to fight with the Danes with resumed their attacks on England but was not a success. At the beginning of his reign he had counselors in his mother and Dunstan. But the latter was then an old man and soon died. In 1002 Ethelred married a Norman princess Emma, who was the sister of Richard, Duke of Normandy. In 1013 Ethelred was forced out of the country by the Danes, whose king Sweyn I joined England to its possessions. Ethelred stayed in Normandy for a year, and then after Sweyn`s death returned to England.
Sweyn`s son Canute was the heir to the throne both of Denmark and England. He invaded the country again. In 1016 Ethelred died, leaving the throne to his son Edmund Ironside. He fought fiercely against the Danes and threw them into disorder. He had a truce with Canute, according to which the country was divided again into the northern and the southern parts. Two months later Edmund suddenly died, and the king of the Dane became the ruler of the whole of England, Scotland, Denmark and Scandinavia. Though a Dane, Canute spent most of his life in England and recommended himself as a clever man. He entrusted the Saxons with their government and on the whole his ruling was supported by the Church and the people. He established a good administration and divided the country into territories to rule it easier. To prevent the Duke of Normandy from claiming the throne for the younger sons of Ethelred he invited Queen Emma from Normandy to England and married her. He managed to create a large country, practically an empire but it was destroyed after his death.
His two sons ruled in succession. Harold I Harefoot (1035-1040) was not popular and ruled only some of the country. His brother Hardecanute followed him and ruled for two years(1040-1042). The brothers hated each other very much, the legend says that when Harold died Hardecanute ordered to dig up his body, cut the head and show it to the people.
Both Canute`s sons had no children and were followed by Ethelred the Unready`s son Edward (1042-1066). As he was of Saxon origin the British greeted his ascendance. He was supported by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, a powerful noble man and his counselor, whose daughter Edward married. Edward was brought up in Normandy and coming to the throne he brought many of his Norman friends, which annoyed his subjects. He appointed a Norman Archbishop of Canterbury and introduced Norman as the main language. He was called the Confessor, because he grew in a monastery and cared for a quiet, learned life, devoting himself to building Westminster Abbey and many other churches. His reign was relatively peaceful, but Godwin, his son Harold and some other noble Saxons were annoyed at the fact that the king preferred Normans to native noblemen. They say that they also had a personal dislike for the king connected with the fact that Edward treated his wife badly. Godwin gathered an army and attacked the king, but the king was more successful. After that victory Edward`s benevolence to the Normans increased. Godwin and Harold gathered a larger army and attacked Edward again, now successfully. (The story says that Edward promised his cousin William of Normandy if he helped him in his dispute with Godwin that he would be the king of England after his death.
At the death of Edward in January 1066 there were 3 claimants to the throne: Edgar, nephew of Edmund Ironside, who had never been to England, William of Normandy and Harold, the son of Godwin. After Edward`s death Harold became the king. Harold had great power and was loved and supported by the country. He was to have become a great ruler, as the contemporaries considered him a very brave and clever man. But when in 1066 Harold was crowned, William of Normandy declared him the usurper and invaded England. (As we remember Athelred the Unready married the Duke of Normandy` s sister, William`s aunt).
I. Read the text, translate it into Russian.
II. Memorize the words, answer the questions:
| truce - перемирие | What did the nickname “Unready” mean? |
| subject - подданный | Why was Edward called “the Confessor”? |
| claimant - претендент | Who came to the throne after Ethelred? |
| contemporary - современник | What church in London was founded by Edward the Confessor and rebuilt by Henry III? |
| usurper - узурпатор | |
| native – коренной, родной |
