Laser
In the «War of Worlds» written before the turn of the last century H. Wells told a fantastic story of how Martians almost invaded our Earth. Their weapon was a mysterious «sword of heat». Today Wells' sword of heat has come to reality in the laser. The name stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Laser, one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, produces an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. It represents the fulfilment of one of the mankind's oldest dreams of technology to provide1 a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It can indeed make lead run like water, or, when focused, it can vaporize any substance on the earth. There is no material unamenable2 to laser treatment and laser will become one of the main technological tools quite soon.
The applications of laser in industry and science are so many and so varied as to suggest magic3. Scientists in many countries are working at a very interesting problem: combining the two big technological discoveries of the second half of the 20th century — laser and thermonuclear reaction — to produce a practically limitless source of energy. Physicists of this country have developed large laser installations to conduct physical experiments in heating thermonuclear fuel with laser beams. There also exists an idea to use laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. The laser beam must heat the fuel to the required temperature so quickly that the plasma does not have time to disintegrate. According to current estimates, the duration of the pulse has to be approximately a billionth of a second. The light capacity of this pulse would be dozens of times greater than the capacity of all the world's power plants. To meet such demands in practice, scientists and engineers must work hard as it is clear that a lot of difficulties are to be encountered on route4.
The laser's most important potential may be its use in communications. The intensity of a laser can be rapidly changed to encode very complex signals. In principle, one laser beam, vibrating a billion times faster than ordinary radio waves, could carry the radio, TV and telephone messages of the world simultaneously. In just a
fraction of a second, for example, one laser beam could transmit the entire text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations, to the surface of the Moon or to planets in the Solar system. Projects have also been suggested to place lasers aboard Earth satellites nearer to the Sun in order to transform the solar radiation into laser beams, with this transformed energy subsequently transmitted to the Earth or to other space bodies. These projects have not yet been put into effect5, because of the great technological difficulties to be overcome and, therefore, the great cost involved. But there is no doubt that in time6 these projects will be realized and the laser beam will begin operating in outer space as well.
Notes to the Text
1. to provide — получать
2. unamenable — неподдающийся
3. as to suggest magic — можно принять за чудо
4. on route — на пути
5. put into effect — осуществлять
6. in time — со временем
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 8. Просмотрите текст 10А и ответьте на вопросы.
What is this text about? 2. What does the word «laser» mean? 3. What is the laser, is it a device or some phenomenon? 4. Who was the first to write about lasers? 5. What writer from this country wrote a book about a laser? 6. What can a laser do? 7. Where can it be used? 8. What other uses do you know?
Упражнение 9. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 10А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.
1. Laser means «light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation». 2. Laser produces an intensive beam of light. 3. In the next few years laser will become one of the main technological tools. 4. Martians almost invaded the Earth before the turn of the last century. 5. Laser and thermonuclear reaction can produce a limited source of energy. 6. The laser beam heats the fuel so quickly that the plasma disintegrates. 7. There are projects to transform lu-
nar radiation into beams. 8. The laser beam will begin operating in outer space.
Упражнение 10. Найдите в тексте 10А инфинитивы в функции части сказуемого и обстоятельства цели (см. 3-й и 5-й абзацы).
Упражнение 11. Найдите предложения с инфинитивом в функции определения и дополнения, переведите.
1. То design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological achievement. 2. To protect the water resources, forests and atmosphere, several laws were passed in Russia in the 1970s. 3. A very interesting problem is to produce a practically limitless source of energy. 4. There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication. 5. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy. 6. To combine laser and thermonuclear reaction is a very interesting problem for the scientists in many countries. 7. To conduct physical experiments with laser beams, Russian physicists have developed large laser installations. 8. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution. 9. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams. 10. A special design bureau in St. Petersburg was the first in the world to develop production of superlong escalators. 11. To put some projects with lasers in operation, great technological difficulties must be overcome. 12. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials. 13. Signals to be measured must be strong enough.
Упражнение 12. Определите, чем выражено определение, переведите.
1. The new system developed increased the safety and efficiency of a car. 2. The laser's most important potential use may be its long distance communication applications. 3. Provided the problems of using laser for controlled thermonuclear reaction were solved, the capacity of the pulse received would be much greater than that of all the world's power plants. 4. All a pilot needs to do is to tune to radio transmitters and he will get direction signals he needs. 5. One of the problems scientists are working at is to transmit energy to space stations by using lasers. 6. Laser provides a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. 7. A hypersonic aircraft will require complicated cooling measures because of the extreme temperatures involved. 8. A new electronic device to be installed in the car's panel will cal-
culate how far one can drive on the fuel left. 9. The hardest materials a laser beam is aimed at vaporize within a fraction of a second.
10. Aircraft designers are interested in all kinds of new materials that are strong enough to be used for high-speed airliners.
11. Noise and vibration are also the problems to be faced by designers of hypersonic crafts. 12. Besides, there is one more problem to be studied — that of surface cooling. 13. The ordinary aircraft windows would make the future superliner structure too weak to withstand great stresses developed. 14. Every student of Cambridge is to go to his tutor once a week to discuss with him the work done.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ Упражнение 13. Определите части речи по суффиксам и префиксам.
encode, capacity, disintegrate, emission, widen, intensive, incredible, defence, stranger, reality, strengthen, fulfilment, indestructible, amplification, substance, entirely, vaporize.
Упражнение 14. Назовите производные от следующих слов, переведите.
limit, transmit, approximate, success, science, relate.
Упражнение 15. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.
устанавливать — installment, installation, install; различие, разница — differ, difference, different; распадаться — disintegrator, disintegration, disintegrate; применимый — application, applicable, apply; укреплять — strong, strength, strengthen; эффективно — efficient, efficiency, efficiently; усилитель — amplification, amplifier, amplify.
Упражнение 16. Найдите:
а) синонимы
rapidly, sophisticated, to conduct, demand, almost, quickly, to carry out, approximately, opportunity, requirement, also, use, to fulfill, complex, as well, to realize, application, possibility;
б) антонимы
further, integrate, cooling, outside, powerless, uncontrolled, limited, disintegrate, nearer, capable, limitless, controlled, incapable, powerful, heating, inside.
Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность слов make и light.
What makes a soap bubble (мыльный пузырь) rise and fall. If a soap bubble does not break at once, it will begin to fall. Why? To explain this, we must remember a balloon which is filled with hot air. It rises for some time and then it falls again. A balloon rises because the hot air inside it is lighter than the air round it, and as it is lighter, it must rise. When the air inside a balloon cools, the weight of the balloon itself makes it fall. A soap bubble is really a little balloon filled with hot air. This air is much lighter than the air outside. It can carry the weight of the water which makes the skin of the soap bubble. But this cannot last for a long time, because the skin of the soap bubble is very thin. The bubble becomes as cool as the air around it and it begins to fall. It is interesting to know that the early experiments with balloons were based on soap bubbles.
Упражнение 18. Переведите.
There is a large garage on Seventh Street that provides work for eleven men. There is one man who meets the customers. There are two other men who take care of batteries. There is another man who washes cars. There are three other men who sell gas and oil. There is another man who repairs timers. There are two men who work with engines and there is one man who sells tires. There is no better place for automobile service.
Упражнение 19. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be.
I... now in the garage on Seventh Street. There... three cars here. One... a Ford. There... a man in it. He... buying a tire. One car... a Buick. There... five people in it. There... a third саг. A man and his wife... in it. Their battery... dead. The two battery men... looking at it. «I... sure you will have to rent a battery», one man says. «We... a long way from home», the man in the car answers. «We.... not here often. We must buy a battery. There... nothing else to do».
Упражнение 20. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.
chosen, fed, costing, put, overcome, coming, made.
Упражнение 21. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.
То understand why light from the laser is so concentrated, you must know that light travels in waves. Ordinary white light is made up of many wavelengths travelling in every direction. Laser light is essentially of one wavelength, with all the waves moving in one direction. Because the laser wavelengths intensify each other, they can remain in an unbelievably straight beam for a long distance. Almost any substance can be forced to «lase» if you work hard enough with it. Gas lasers give off continuous beams of light. Tiny semiconductor lasers may be especially useful in computers for transmitting signals to replace the use of cables. Many lasers can give off invisible radiation, either infrared or ultraviolet.
CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. What is a laser? (a device producing an intensive beam of light) 2. What is its principle of operation? (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) 3. What light is produced by a laser? (light of pure single colour) 4. What can be done by means of a laser? (vaporizing the hardest materials) 5. What materials can be treated with a laser? (practically any material and any substance) 6. What is the most promising use of lasers? (the use in all kinds of communication) 7. What prevents putting into effect the projects to use lasers more widely in space? (great technological difficulties and great cost involved)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.
1. A laser can find
2. It is very interesting to combine
3. There is an idea
4. In this case a laser beam
5. The light capacity in a laser installation should be dozens of times greater
6. To develop such a laser system in practice
7. Scientists and engineers must work
1. must heat the fuel to the required temperature very quickly.
2. very wide application.
3. hard to overcome numerous technological difficulties.
4. is not an easy task.
5. to use a laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction.
6. laser and thermonuclear reaction to produce a limitless source of energy.
7. than the capacity of all the
world's power plants.
Exercise 3. A. Read and learn.
I Want to Read Faster
Mary: I've read a detective story. It wasn't very good so I wasted (тратить, терять время) much time.
Jane: Oh, it takes me now not more than an hour to read a novel.
M.: Really?
J.: Two months ago it would have taken me about two days. It is a pity you didn't join me when I was taking speed-reading course.
M.: Two things hold me back. Doubts that any system could radically and permanently increase my speed. And money for the courses.
J.: But I thought that if I could double my speed, the sum wouldn't be so much.
M.: Sure, you are right. By the way, some authorities say it isn't reading. Though a lot of unread newspapers, books and magazines about the house might fall on me. My present work day reading is 200 words per minute, it is very slow. How are those speed reading courses?
J.: Great, today 50,000 students a year take these courses.
M.: How long does this course last?
J.: Eight weeks, a 2,5 hour session a week plus an hour a day drill.
M.: What is your speed now?
J.: The final test showed that my speed was 1520 w.p.m. The book was the same we have used for our entrance exam.
M.: But you can lose the technique.
J.: It is another question. The only wide survey (опрос) of ex-students — 1800 of them — showed that after a year one third of the people weren't using the method at all. Another third said they use it sometimes and that probably they have kept speed. But the rest of the students said they were reading faster than a year later.
B. Answer the following questions:
1. Are you a fast or a slow reader?
2. In what situations can fast reading be useful in your opinion?
3. Would you like to improve your reading speed? Why?
4. Can all books be read quickly? Why (not)?
Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement.
Every student ought to be able to read very fast.
One point of view: Reading requires thought; one needs time for thinking, reading ought to be a kind of dialogue with the author — this requires time; quality is more important than quantity.
A contrary point of view: Fast reading does not mean careless reading, nothing is left out, thinking can be very fast, fast reading is reading for meaning, it saves time (экономить) also for thinking, it is very important for a person to get a great deal of information in as little time as possible.
Exercise 5. Conduct a scientific meeting on: «Laser and its applications».
Use texts 10A, 10B, and IOC as a basis for the preparation of an oral talk (устное сообщение), short abstracts (краткие тезисы), summary (реферат) of the presentation and for the discussion of the theme (тема).
Useful Words and Phrases of Scientific Communication at a scientific meeting, conference, round-table discussion, symposium, colloquium, seminar, session, congress, etc.
| Stages of a meeting | Phrases |
| Opening a meeting Introducing a speaker Interrupting a speaker Opening a discussion Ending a discussion Thanking Ending a meeting Introducing the report | Chairman I declare the meeting open. Right, can we start? Ladies and Gentlemen, are we ready to begin? OK then, perhaps we could make a start? I have a great pleasure to introduce Dr. (Prof.) Baker, an expert in... Our first speaker, Dr Baker, will speak on... May I draw your attention to the fact that this point will be discussed later? And now I'd like to open the discussion on the presentation given by Dr Baker. Are there any questions to Dr Baker? May I propose that we stop there? I'm sure I'm speaking for everyone when I say how grateful we are to Dr Baker for his informative (excellent) presentation, (talk, speech, lecture). Pd like to thank everybody here. I declare the meeting closed. Speaker Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is a great honour to address this meeting (conference); I'd like to talk in my report about... First of all (in the first place) I'd like to name the main points of my paper. |
Продолжение
| While reporting | Now, let us turn to the point... The second point is... Moving to point three...And finally... So much about... I'd like to attract your attention to... Allow me to call your attention to... I should like to note (emphasize)... |
| If you look at this diagram... Have a look at... | |
| If you remember, I mentioned... As I've already mentioned... | |
| Do you see what I mean... Do you follow me... As far as I know... Sorry, I got lost... | |
| Ending the report | In conclusion I'd like to stress the importance... Thank you for your attention. |
| Audience | |
| Introducing oneself | My name is John Smith. I am from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I'm very impressed with Dr. B's complete (interesting) presentation. I'd like to give you my view on this subject... |
| Questions | My question is as follows... I have a question to ask... One question is, the second question is... I'd like to ask a question in this connection... There is a practical question which... Pd like to ask a question concerning... May I address a question to Dr. В.? Is it possible to describe simply, how... |
| Agreement with the speaker | I think you are entirely right speaking about... I'd like to express agreement with the speaker |
| Disagreement | But I am not sure you are right. I am very sorry to have to say that I don't agree with Dr. B. Unfortunately, I cannot agree with your final statement. I wish I could agree with you but... We are not yet certain.... |
Окончание
| Making remarks | This is an interesting work but it has a lack... |
| It is surprising... | |
| It is unbelievable... | |
| I'm not surprised that it is possible... | |
| I find it hard to believe... | |
| Td like to make a comment of general nature... | |
| Fd like to make two more remarks... | |
| I have a few points to make... | |
| I have just a small point, but it may make things | |
| much clearer a bit. | |
| Excuse me, but Td just like to point out... | |
| Making contribution | I'd like to add in connection with... |
| to the discussion | In addition, Td like to mention... |
| Let me put some more questions... |
Exercise 6. Read and smile.
A Story Too Terrible To Tell
Three men came to New York for the first time. They took a room in a hotel. In the evening they went sight-seeing and did not come back till nearly three in the morning. The room they had taken was on the 43rd floor. «I am sorry, gentlemen», said the porter, «but the elevator does not work, there is something wrong with it. You will have to walk up to your room». This was too bad, but the men agreed to tell stories on the way up in order to kill the time.
By the time the first one had told his story, they had climbed up to the 11th floor. The next story kept them amused till they had reached the 31st floor. At last it was time for the third man to tell his story, but he refused. He said the story he had in mind was too terrible, he simply couldn't tell it. They continued climbing and all the time the two asked him to begin. At last they stopped and refused to go on unless he told them his terrible story. «The story I have to tell you is a short one», he said at last, «we have left the key to our room downstairs with the porter».
Text 10B
Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о преимуществах применения оптических волокон в технике связи; о том, что послужило основой разработки систем оптической связи, а также о практическом применении оптической технологии. Соотнесите отмеченные в тексте факты со следующими датами: 1960, 1970, 1982 гг. Изложите эту информацию по-английски.
Optical Technology
One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical
fibers are replacing conventional telephone wires and cables. Just as digital technologies greatly improved the telephone system, optical communication promises a considerable increase in capacity, quality, performance and reliability of the global telecommunication network. New technologies such as optical fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized in-information service. Voice, computer data, even video images, will be increasingly integrated into a single digital communication network capable of processing and transmitting virtually any kind of information.
It is a result of combining two technologies: the laser, first demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrication 10 years later of ultra-thin silicon fibres which can serve as lightwave conductors. With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved techniques to produce thin silica fibres of incredible transparency, optical systems can transmit pulses of light as far as 135 kilometers without the need for amplification or regeneration.
At present high-capacity optical transmission systems are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate. The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits (thousand bits) per second and accommodates 6,000 circuits over a single pair of glass fibres (one for each direction of transmission). This system will soon be improved to operate at 1.7 gigabits (thousand million bits) per second and handle 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.
A revolution in information storage is underway with optical disk technology.
The first digital optical disks were produced in 1982 as compact disks for music. They were further developed as a storage medium for computers. The disks are made of plastics coated with aluminium. The information is recorded by using a powerful laser to imprint bubbles on the surface of the disk. A less powerful laser reads back the pictures, sound or information. An optical disk is almost indestructible and can store about 1000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size.
One CD-ROM disk (650 MB) can replace 300,000 pages of text (about 500 floppies), which represents a lot of savings in databases.
The future of optical storage is called DVD (digital versatile disk). A DVD-ROM can hold up to 17 GB, about 25 times an ordinary CD-ROM. For this reason, it can store a large amount of multimedia software and complete full-screen Hollywood movies in different languages. However, DVD-ROMs are «read-only» devices. To avoid this limitation, companies also produce DVD rewritable drives.
Besides, it is reported that an optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical electronic computers is underway at a number of US companies as well as in countries around the world.
It is found that optical technology is cost-effective and versatile. It finds new applications every day — from connecting communication equipment or computers within the same building or room to long-distance transcontinental, transoceanic and space communications.
Text IOC
