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, 2010
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1. (Introductory Remarks) | |
2. , , , (Way of Life, Mentality, Customs and traditions) | |
3. (About Towns and Cities) | |
4. , , (Art, rafts, Folk Art) | |
5. (Outstanding Personalities) | |
6. (Political orrectness and ross-ultural ommunication) | |
7. (Stylistic Functions of Xenonyms) | |
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, , (), , , , , , . Lonely Planet, Rough Guide I , , .
. , . ().
: . . . 6 . . 7 , , , , .
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I. , , .
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, , (., ) [4, . 337-476].
. , , [6, . 178-182]. , - (., ) (., ) - .
, , . , , - , , , , , . - .
, , - , . , , , 50-60 . .. - 5-6 , . , , .
- . , .. , - . , (-) , . : - (III . .. - III . ..). . , . lingua franca, .
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- . , . , . , XIX . . - , , . - 80 90% , - .
. 1450 ., . , . , .
XVII XX . , , . . , , . , . : .
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XX . , . , . XX - , . , , . , , , . , . . , .
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II. , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , - , . , , , , , , , , , [3, . 60-63].
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1. , , .. . (, , ). , - , , , , . , , left, large, they, five, to read, warm, happiness;
2. , .. , , . , . , , man, century, chivalry, character, spirit, enterprise, self-confidence, amiability, sensuality, youth, period, people, day, cards, women, class. : , , , , , , ;
3. , .. , - Shakespeare, Beatles, Brooklyn, Byron, Congress, cowboy, the House of Lords / Commons, public school, Robinson Crusoe, Westminster - ; , , , , - . , . , - , , .. ;
4. , .. , . , , hamam, Sparta, toreador, sombrero, verst, knecht, Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal. .
: , , , , [2].
. , ( ), . , , , (), , , ( ), , .
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III. . , , . IV, . , XIX - XX . XX . 1920-1930- , 1957 . Sovietology / Kremlinology.
, , , , , , , , , , , , , . 5-7 .
- . . sable, . Muscovite (1537) Russian (1538). - Muscovite Russian - , , .
- XVI , -: pood (1554), rouble (1554), czar (1555), telega (1558), Muscovy (1573), beluga (1591), Sterlet (1591), Cossack (1598). , : , , (Cossack), .
XVII - , , - - , . , , copeck (1698). , , - rouble.
XVIII-XIX - . czarevitch (1710), czarina (1717), Siberia(n) (1719), arsheen (1734), astrakhan (1766), Ural (1785), dessiatine (1799). - : , , , .
, XIX , , , -. .
. :
- Altai, chernozem / black earth, Caucasus, Crimea, Don River, (Russias) Far East, (Russias) Far North, Moscow, Russia, Leningrad/ St Petersburg, Siberia, Soviet Union, Stalin, steppe, taiga, tundra, Ural, Volga, Yalta;
- - apparatchik, Bolshevik, Cheka, commissar, de-Slalinization, glastnost, GULag, Kren (Russian) Nihilism, October Revolution, Okhrana, Politburo, (Stalin) purges, Red Army; Russo-Turkish Wars, Russo-Japanese War; show trials, Stalinism, Time of Troubles; tsars of Russia: Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander I, Nicholas I; Communism, Yalta Conference;
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- Chekhov, Cherry Orchard, Crime and Punishment. Dostoevsky, Firebird, Hermitage, Moguchaya kuchka, Mighty Handful (The Five), Petrushka, Prokofiev, Rakhmaninov, L. Tolstoy, Uncle Vanya, War and Peace;
pe - Dukhobor, Khlyst, Old Believer, (Old) Slavonic, onion dome, pope, Patriarch, Russian Orthodox Church, shaman. [ c.42]
IV. , - . , -. , , , (), . , . , . , . , - , .. , -. -, : Child-Harold , , ... (Child-Harold - -) Sturm und Drang ( ) - Sturm und Drang ( -).
- . () . . - . . , 80- .
ex , o , , , . , : tsar => . .
, , , . , , , , -: (I) Kings College; (2)Kings College (3) Queens College; (4) Queens College; (5) Royal College.
V. . , : (. ), .
- [6, c. 517]. , . - ., : GUM, GOOM, GOUM , : werste, werst, worst, wurste, verste, vorst, vers.
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- . - , . [6, . 518]. . , . , , .
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, , , , . , - (British Standard) (Library of Congress) . , , ( - Rossija - ), . , , , .
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