| Different applications, vacuum tubes, available, enormous, silicon chips, consume, input, generate, machine code, integrated circuit. |
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often __________, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition __________ a great deal of electricity, __________ a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. Transistors, invented in 1947, replaced __________. They allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Second-generation computers moved from __________ to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
The development of __________ was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on __________, called semiconductors, which increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through such __________ devices as keyboards and monitors. This allowed the device to run many __________at the same time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became __________ to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Translate the sentences into English.
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Translate the text into English using the glossary.
Glossary:
- intricate devices
to be stored as sound waves
to circulate
- mercury column
- cereal grain
to appear
60- in the early sixties
to include
100 100 times smaller
every separate chip
, . . , , , . , . . 60- , . . 100 , , ENIAC.
Discuss the text.
