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IJ 1. Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Բȅ..3
1.1 ⅅ.3
1.2 -er r...............................................................4
1.3 腅...7
1.8
IJ 2. Ͳ Բ ʲ ...9
2.1 -ness ...9
2.2 ⅅ.11
2....13
IJ 3.ֲ ʲ Բ NESS. 14
3.1 ness .....14
3.2. Ness..........15
3..15
Ͳ ..................................................................................................16
˅.....18
ȅ..20
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IJ 1
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.. ̺ , .[11,.45]
. - ship,-let,-hood,-ness,-al. : friendship, kindness, brotherhood. , , reader - readership. , . , , - al,-hood,-ness,-ship - . :- kin,-let,-ling . - enne,-ess . . [ 2,c.28]
.. ⳻ [6.. 130] .
1.2. -er r
- er . 䳺 , , , : cartere (carter) ; utridere (outrider) , ; writere (writer) , , .
- er, builder (), bookbinder (), hatter (), hunter (), saddler (, ), weaver (). . , ' , -er : Londoner, Englander, etc.
( ) - er , , . ' , , , .. , .
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: roller '', knocker ' ', etc.
- er : - er1 -er2.
䳺 , , , .
, -er (, , ), : borderer ' ', villager ( ), hosteler ( ), islander ('), New Yorker ( -). . - er - , . : fifteeners and sixteeners ( ' ), forty-niner ( )
-er , 䳺 . : onlooker (, ) - to look on (); comer by () - to come by ( ); diner out (, ) - to dine out ( ); finder out (, , ; , ) - to find out (, , ).
, , -er , , , , student ( studyer), ' , . , -er, . -er 1 , . , , betting-man better ('one who bets '), better ( good well).
ij , -er 2 , , . ., , , . : to condense () - condenser (; ); to compute (, , ) - computer ( ; - ).
slang words, -er 1 -er 2. 䳺 . - er 1 , -er2 . : blighter (, , ) - to blight ( 䳿, ); bounder (, ) - to bound (, ); crammer (, ) - to cram ( , , ).
- er 1 -er 2 , . : can-opener ( ), ebreaker (), tooth-picker (), bitter-ender (, ), first-nighter (, '), three-decker ( ), two-seater ( ), six-bedder ( ).
, , - er 1 - er 2 , [1,.43]. -er - or.
, , - or. -or, , 䳺 . -or, , , - er .
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- er, ,-or , , . , -or - er. -, , - or,, , , - er - or . , -er : -or,-our - er -er. , , interdivtour, interdivtour, XVI . interdivter '(2). -, - er, 䳺 , , - or, . - or 䳺, . , , . : generator () - to generate (, ); indicator () - to indicate (, ); illuminator () - to illuminate (); radiator (, ) - to radiate (); refrigerator (, ) - to refrigerate ().
, -or :
-or , ;
-or 䳺 , , ;
-or 䳺 -er, , , : prosecutor, visitor;
-or 䳺 , .-ate, , 䳺 ( 䳺 t). : to collect collector, to select selector;
-or , , -er .
-or 䳺 ' ( ). e . .