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, , (. 20.2).

Q ( 21.1) 135, .

21.1 ,

, 3
4 -6 10 - 12 20 - 30 50 - 100
( ) t. c t. ( 135), ., - n .   15 -18   30 42   45 60   1 1.32   3 3.5             4 4.5   0.95 0.9         0.92   4.8 5.2   0.85 0.75         0.92   5.5 6   0.7 0.6

, , (. 20.11); , . t. . 21.1. . = (. 13.2 21.1).

( > 1.4) ()

t 450 d2/ + /(0.9 + 0.6), (21.9) d , ; , 3.

()

t. (0.5 + 2.5/) , (21.10) - , .

45 - 75 170 .

(t. t) t = 2t. (20.14). t .

= t + t + t. + t (21.11)

() t (0.35 + 5) / . (21.12)

. max ( 30), ℓ:

= . max + - ℓ sin a 3. (21.13)

( )

ℓ.max L cos /cos - ℓ (21.14) L ℓ , ; - , .

, (20.16); .

(5 + 100 . (21.15)

, d 0.4 . , t 2 c. , , V: E 4 5 ( 21.2).

21.2

, 3 , ,
d 0.4 d > 0.4
0.1 1.5 2 4 6 -8 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.8 4.8 5.8 5.5 6.8 6.5 - 8 2.8 3 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 3.6 3.8

 

20.3. :

......................................................................................................... 1.05 0.9

......................................................................................... 0.9 0.7

............................................................................................ 0.9 0.6

................................................................................. 0.7 0.4

( 1.3 1.4). (. 20.4, 20.5).

. (20.17), (20.18), (20.19). () ( ) max = ℓ. max 1.7 (0.4L ).

max = ℓ. max 1.7 (0.4L H). (21.16)

< max, , . , = 0.5max 13 - 15.

, , 20, 30, 40, 70% 2, 2 3, 4 -8 8 3. ( 21.3). , Q, L R ( ),

Q =Q L, 3 / ( /).

 

5.

: , , , , , , , . 20 30% , , - 10 12% .

, . . ; 12 15%. , . 4 8 3 70 180 /. 8 10 .

( ) . (7 2 ) (2.5 1.5 ). . () , , . 1 , , , .

, , 0.5 1 3. , ; .

, . .

-, . - - . . .

() - , , .

, . , . .

. . , . .

( ) . .

 

 





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