.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





q . q , , .

. q . ( q) (/3) :

q= q . v K,

, . . ( 20%) . , . 10-30%,

1.2 ℓ + 0.2,

d, . q n=2 d= 0.5 , = 0.5 d.

, q 22.5 /3.

() , ..

, (. 8.1, ), () . . , .

 

 

8.1

(. 8.1, ). .

. , , , . , .

, , , (. 8.1, ).

(. 8.1, ), . (. 8.1, , ). (. 8.1, ) , .

, , . , . = 1 , . 2.53; . 3.54; ( ) . 4.55; . 5.56.

, .. q . , . , ( ). d =200 1; d= 100 - - 0.85-0.9, 0.7-0.8 0.95-1; d =3 00 1.05-1.1; 1.2-1.25 1.3-1.4. 0.95.

8.2

( 3-5 ) , . (. 8.2, ) , - . ( 15 - 18 ) , () (. 8.2, ). 15 - 18 , ,

`v= ,

15-18 - , , ( ) .

`v=

( ) 79/21 .

. . 8.2

 





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