q . q , , .
. q . ( q) (/3) :
q= q . v K,
, . . ( 20%) . , . 10-30%,
1.2 ℓ + 0.2,
d, . q n=2 d= 0.5 , = 0.5 d.
, q 22.5 /3.
() , ..
, (. 8.1, ), () . . , .
8.1
(. 8.1, ). .
. , , , . , .
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, , , (. 8.1, ).
(. 8.1, ), . (. 8.1, , ). (. 8.1, ) , .
, , . , . = 1 , . 2.53; . 3.54; ( ) . 4.55; . 5.56.
, .. q . , . , ( ). d =200 1; d= 100 - - 0.85-0.9, 0.7-0.8 0.95-1; d =3 00 1.05-1.1; 1.2-1.25 1.3-1.4. 0.95.
8.2
( 3-5 ) , . (. 8.2, ) , - . ( 15 - 18 ) , () (. 8.2, ). 15 - 18 , ,
`v= ,
15-18 - , , ( ) .
`v=
( ) 79/21 .
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. . 8.2