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Novell. ELS NetWare , Adwanced NetWare 2.x 100. Novell NetWare 4 . NetWare , .
Novell NetWare . , NetWare Directory Services.
Windows 2000 Server Advanced Server. Server , , . Advanced Server , Server . Advanced Server .
UNIX (Gniplex Information and Computing Services) , , , .
UNIX , . - UNIX, . .
. , .
1965 . , .
( ), . , , (). - , .
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, , 1969 . ARPANET. 1972 . NCP (Network Control Program) (, ).
. . .
IP V4 1987 . . (, ), , , IP V6.
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FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) . HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol ) , .
IPP (Internet Printing Protocol ) , . IPsec . IP-. : ( IP-) ( , IP-).
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange ) NetWare.
SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange ) . IPX, . MFTP (Multicast File Transfer Protocol) .
(Point-to-Point Protocol ) , IP-, , ..
, telnet-, FTP-, NFS-.
NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol) . NNTP . NNRPi NNTP, . , IP-. NNTP - 119.
MNTP-: Opera Mail, Outlook Express, Mozilla Thunderbird, Sylpheed, Forte Agent, PAN, KNode, Gnus .
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP2, POP3.