ISBN 978-5-7017-1569-9
.., 2010
, 2010
, 2010
II , . .
, - , .
. ó , XV XIX . , , , .
- -, , , -é, , , .
CONTENTS
I. The West European Art of the XV XIX centuries. 5
Unit I Leonardo da Vinci... 5
Unit II Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa 13
Unit III Michelangelo Buonarroti 24
Unit IV Thomas Gainsborough.... 35
Unit V John Constable..... 46
Unit VI The Dutch School .. 55
Unit VII The French Impressionists ... 65
II. Vocabulary: ....... 74
1. Fine arts and craftwork ...... 74
2. Painting ...... 78
3. Sculpture 84
4. Colours .. 86
5. Some useful phrases for discussing the topics.......................................... 88
Literature ....... 94
THE WEST EUROPEAN ART OF THE XV XIX CENTURIES.
UNIT I.
PRE-TASKS:
I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word-combinations and learn them.
a man of genius [ə 'mæn əv 'dʒɪ:nıəs]
Renaissance [rɪ'neɪs(ə)ns] ,
family estate ['fæmɪlɪ ɪ'steɪt]
to treat smb / smth / as ['tri:t] - / - /
legitimate [lɪ'dʒɪtəmɪt]
artistic inclinations [ɑ:'tɪstɪk ɪnklɪ'neɪ∫nz]
workshop ['w:k∫ɒp]
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not only but as well ['nɒt 'əʊnlı bət əz 'wel]
,
until smbs fall from power [ən'tɪl 'fɔ:l frəm 'paʊə]
-
Last Supper ['lɑ:st 'sʌpə]
treatise ['tri:tɪz]
to sketch ['sket∫] ,
to lay the groundwork for smth ['leɪ ðə 'graʊndw:k]
-
the latter [ðə 'lætə] ( ) (ant. the former)
tomb [tu:m] ,
to bury ['berɪ]
II. Practice the pronunciation of the following (a) toponyms and (b) proper names:
(a) Anghiari ['ɑ:ŋgɪərɪ] .
Florence ['flɒr(ə)ns] .
(Florentine ['flɒrəntaɪn] )
Milan [mɪ'læn] .
Rome [rəʊm] .
(: the Eternal City [ðɪ ɪ'tə:nl 'sɪtɪ] ( ))
(b) Andrea del Verrocchio ['ændrɪə dəl ve'rɒkɪəʊ] é ó
Leda ['li:də] é
( : , )
Leonardo da Vinci [lɪə'nɑ:dəʊ də 'vɪntʃɪ]
(1452 1519)
Ludovico [lʊ'dɒvɪkəʊ] , (1452 1508),
( (149498) , )
Michelangelo [ˌmaɪkə'læŋʒɪləʊ]
() (1475 1564)
Mona Lisa [məʊnə lɪzə]
Pope Julius II ['pəʊp 'dʒu:ljəs ðə 'sekənd]
II (1443 1513), ( (1503 1513))
Raphael ['ræfeɪl] / / (1483 1520)
III. Try to guess the meaning of the italicized words. Match them with the corresponding cognate* words in Russian where possible. When translating the words, mind the so-called pseudo-international words.
1. Leonardo da Vinci is an outstanding artist, the man of genius of Renaissance and Humanism. 2. His father was a Florentine notary and landlord. 3. He was treated as a legitimate son and receive d the usual elementary education of that day. 4. His training included not only painting and s culpture but the technical-mechanical arts as well. 5. Leonardo was accepted in the painters guild of Florence. 6. He wrote treatiseson painting, architecture, a book on the elements of mechanics. 7. The picture remained unfinished. 8. The governor of Milan invited Leonardo da Vinci. 9. Raphael was painting the last rooms of the Popes apartments. 10. His grave can no longer be located.
*cognate ['kɒgneɪt] adj (in linguistics) (of a word) having the same linguistic root or origin as another word (from Latin cognatus literally born together).
IV. Scan the text and single out the main points of each paragraph.
V. Look through the text and write out all the unfamiliar words and phrases. Look them up in your English-Russian Dictionary. Single out the terms on the fine arts and learn them.
VI. Put the V + -ed forms from the text into appropriate columns. Pronounce the words minding that there are three ways of pronouncing -ed: [-d], [-t] and [-ɪd] (revise the rule if necessary).
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| Past Simple | Past Participle | Adjective |
VII. Read and translate the text.
LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 1519)
Leonardo da Vinci is an outstanding artist, the man of genius of Renaissance and Humanism. He was a painter, sculptor, architect and engineer.
Leonardo was born in 1452 on his fathers family estate in Vinci. His father was a Florentine notary and landlord. His mother was a young peasant woman. Leonardo grew up in his fathers house, where he was treated as a legitimate son and received the usual elementary education of that day: reading, writing, and arithmetic.
Leonardos artistic inclinations must have appeared early. When he was about 15, his father took him to a renowned workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. Leonardo received a many-sided training that included not only painting and sculpture but the technical-mechanical arts as well. In 1472 Leonardo was accepted in the painters guild of Florence and worked independently until 1481.
In 1482 he moved to Milan where he spent 17 years serving the Duke until Ludovicos fall from power in 1499. Highly esteemed, Leonardo da Vinci was constantly kept busy as a painter and sculptor and as a designer of court festivals, technical adviser and engineer. He created a monumental wall painting of the Last Supper. He wrote treatises on painting, architecture, a book on the elements of mechanics, a work on human anatomy, geographical, botanical, hydrological and aerological researches.
From 1500 till 1502 Leonardo travelled from one city to another. For ten months he travelled across the territories and sketched some of the city plans and topographical maps that laid the groundwork for modern cartography. In 1503 he returned to Florence and for three years worked on Battle of Anghiari but it remained unfinished. These same years he painted the portrait of Mona Lisa and the painting of a standing Leda which is not completed either and has survived only in copies.
In 1506 the governor of Milan invited Leonardo da Vinci and the latter accepted the invitation. In Milan he did very little as a painter but his scientific activity flourished.
In 1513 Leonardo da Vinci went to Rome hoping to find employment there. He remained in the Eternal City for three years. While Raphael was painting the last rooms of the Popes apartments, Michelangelo was struggling to complete the tomb of Pope Julius, and many younger artists were active there, the ageing master worked in his studio on mathematical studies and technical experiments.
He died on May 2, 1519. During the French Revolution the church where he had been buried was devastated. Hence, his grave can no longer be located. But his masterpieces live and we can admire their perfect beauty.
TASKS:
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following:
artistic inclinations; The Last Supper; treatise; an outstanding artist; to flourish; to sketch; scientific activity; to lay the groundwork for smth.; to survive; to be highly esteemed; the latter; to complete smth.; The Eternal City; to struggle to do smth.; to devastate smth.; a legitimate son; a renowned workshop; the Pope; to be kept busy; to treat smb as smth.; a many-sided training; smbs fall from power.
II. Give English equivalents of the following:
-. // ; ; -.; ( ); ; ; -.; ; ; ; ; (-.), (-. ); ; ( ) / -..
III. Make up sentences of the following words:
1. as, treated, Leonardo, a legitimate son, in his fathers house, was;
2. but the technical-mechanical arts, as well, received, Leonardo, not only painting and sculpture, included, a many-sided training, which;
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3. kept, a painter and sculptor, Leonardo, busy, as, was.
4. Leonardo, topographical maps, modern cartography, the city plans, and, had sketched, the groundwork for, laid.
IV. Fill in the blanks with the proper prepositions:
1. He remained the Eternal City three years. 2. Leonardo was accepted the painters guild. 3. Leonardo is said to be a man genius. 4. Leonardo was born 1452 his fathers family estate Vinci. 5. His father took him a renowned workshop Andrea del Verrocchio. 6. ten months he traveled the territories. 7. He was treated a legitimate son. 8. 1500 1502 Leonardo traveled one city another. 9. He wrote a treatise painting. 10. He died May 2, 1519. 11. 1503 he returned Florence and three years worked Battle Aghiari.
V. Fill in the blanks with the corresponding verb-forms.
| 1. The Plain Stem | 2. The Past Simple Tense | 3. The Past Participle | 4. The Present Participle |
| accepted | |||
| admire | |||
| ageing | |||
| appeared | |||
| been | |||
| buried | |||
| complete | |||
| created | |||
| devastated | |||
| did | |||
| died | |||
| grew | |||
| have | |||
| hoping | |||
| included | |||
| kept | |||
| laid | |||
| moved | |||
| received | |||
| serving | |||
| struggling | |||
| survived | |||
| took | |||
| travelled | |||
| treated | |||
| was | |||
| wrote |
VI. Put the italicized words in the corresponding column. Mind that there may be borderline cases with verbals having acquired the qualities of nouns and adjectives.
1. An outstanding artist; 2. The usual elementary education of that day: reading, writing, and arithmetic; 3. A renowned workshop; 4. He received a many-sided training; 5. He spent 17 years serving the Duke; 6. Highly esteemed, Leonardo was constantly kept busy as a painter; 7. It remained unfinished; 8. He painted the painting of a standing Leda; 9. Leonardo went to Rome hoping to find employment; 10. Raphael was painting the last rooms of the apartments; 11. The ageing master; 12. The church where he had been buried was devastated.
| The Present Participle | The Past Participle | The Gerund | The Verbal Noun | The Verbal Adjective |
VII. Identify the tenses and voices of the following verb forms:
1. is; 2. was; 3. grew up; 4. took; 5. was accepted; 6. is completed; 7. has survived; 8. had been buried; 9. was painting; 10. was devastated; 11. live.
VIII. Match the underlined words with their syntactical functions and part of speech identification:
1. Leonardo da Vinci is an outstanding artist.
2. Leonardo was accepted in the painters guild of Florence.
3. Leonardo received the usual elementary education of that day: reading, writing, and arithmetic.
4. His inclinations must have appeared early.
5. Leonardo da Vinci went to Rome hoping to find employment there.
6. He went to Rome hoping to find employment.
7. In Milan he did very little as a painter.
8. Governor invited Leonardo and the latter accepted the invitation.
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9. The ageing master worked in his studio on mathematical studies and technical experiments.
10. The painting remained unfinished.
11. His grave can no longer be located.
A. An Attribute expressed by a Noun in the Possessive Case;
B. Appositions;
C. An Object expressed by an Infinitive;
D. The Adverbial Modifier of Degree expressed by an Adverb;
E. The Nominal Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate expressed by a Noun;
F. One of the Subjects expressed by a Substantivized Adjective in the Comparative Degree;
G. The Compound Nominal Predicate with the Link-verb followed by an Adjective;
H. The Compound Modal Predicate with a Modal Verb followed by a Perfect Infinitive;
I. The Compound Modal Predicate with a Modal Verb followed by a Passive Infinitive;
J. The Adverbial Modifier of Place expressed by a Noun;
K. The Adverbial Modifier of Attending Circumstances expressed by a Present Participle.
IX. Give comprehensive answers to the following questions.
1. What is Leonardo Da Vinci remembered by? 2. When and where was Leonardo born? 3. Who were Leonardo's parents? 4. How was Leonardo treated in his father's family, he being a bastard? 5. How early in his life did Leonardo engage in artistic activities? 6. What was he trained to do? 7. What did Leonardo do in Milan? 8. In what way is Leonardo associated with geography? 9. What are Leonardo's three famous paintings? 10. Did Leonardo manage to complete all his paintings? 11. Have all of Leonardo's paintings survived? 12. What are the cities Leonardo lived and worked in? 13. What was the ageing master engaged in during his stay in Rome? 14. Where is Leonardo's burial place?
X. Work in pairs. One of you argues in favour of the following statements, the other against them. Make use of the vocabulary phrases (p. 88).
1. Leonardo was not a legitimate son, so his father treated him accordingly. 2. Leonardo could not possibly receive a many-sided training in the Middle Ages. 3. Even though Leonardo da Vinci was kept busy both as an artist and an engineer, he did much better in art than in sciences. 4. The city plans and topographical maps that Leonardo sketched could hardly lay the groundwork for modern cartography because the topographical techniques of that time left much to be desired. 5. In the autumn of his life Leonardo gave up his artistic activities, as he felt he was no rival to the younger generation of artists. 6. Leonardo has had little, if any, influence upon the European art, since he was more a scientist than an artist.
XI. Speak on the following points:
1. Leonardo da Vincis biography; 2. The range of Leonardos interests; 3. Leonardos legacy.
UNIT II.
PRE-TASKS:
I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word-combinations and learn them.
to set to work ['set tə 'w:k]
in earnest [ɪn ':nɪst]
to be inaccurate in smth [ɪn'ækjʊrɪt] -.
to loiter over smth ['lɔɪtə◡rəʊvə ]
, , , -.
ultimately ['ʌltɪmətlɪ]
to depict [dɪ'pɪkt]
subtlety of the pencil ['sʌtltɪ əv ðə 'pensl]
proper to nature ['prɒpə tə 'neɪt∫ə]
admirable ['ædm(ə)rəbl]
(but: to admire [əd'maɪə] , )
lustrous ['lʌstrəs] ,
to subject to smth [səb'dʒekt] -.
the free and merciless restoration [ðə 'fri: ənd 'mə:sɪlɪs restə'reɪ∫n]
to take the precaution of doing smth ['teɪk ðə prɪ'kɔ:∫n]
-.
little more than smth ['lɪtl 'mɔ: ðən ]
- ( -)
to form any idea of smth [ 'fɔ:m 'enɪ(◡r)aɪ'dɪə(◡r)əv ]
-.; -.
worldly-minded ['w:ldlɪ 'maɪndɪd]
, , ( )
(: a worldly-minded woman () )
sphinx-like smile ['sfɪnkslaɪk 'smaɪl]
to pose smb against a landscape background
['pəʊz ə'genst ə 'lændskeɪp 'bækgraʊnd]
() -.
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II. Practice the pronunciation of the following proper names:
the Louvre [ðə 'lu:və] ( ,
)
Antonio Gherardini [ən'təʊnɪəʊ 'gerədɪnɪ]
( ())
Cesare Borgia [sə'zɑ:rɪ 'bɔ:dʒɪə] (1475 1507)
( )
Christ [kraɪst] ,
Francesco di Bartolomeo de Zenobi del Giocondo
[frən'tʃeskəʊ dɪ 'bɑ:tələˌmjəʊ də 'zɪnəbaɪ dəl ˌdʒɪəʊ'kɒndəʊ]
( , ())
Francis I ['frænsɪs ðə 'f:st] I (1494 1547)
( (1515 1547))
La Joconde [lə dʒə'kɒnd]
Lisa di Anton Maria di Noldo Gherardini
['li:zə dɪ 'æntən mə'rɪə dɪ 'nɒldəʊ 'gerədɪnɪ]
Vasari [və'zɑ:rɪ] , (1511 1574)
(, )
III. Try to guess the meaning of the italicized words. Match them with the corresponding cognate words in Russian where possible. When translating the words, mind the so-called pseudo-international words.
1. Vasari is probably inaccurate in saying that Leonardo loitered over it for four years. 2. Owing to having taken service under Cesare Borgia in the following year, Leonardo put it on one side, ultimately completing it after working on the " Battle of Anghiari". 3. Every peculiarity that could be depicted by the utmost subtlety of the pencil has been faithfully reproduced in this picture. 4. The eyes have the lustrous brightness and moisture. 5. One can see the beating of the pulses. 6. Leonardo kept some one constantly near his sitter to amuse her. 7. Leonardo da Vinci painted this picture in the full maturity of his talent. 8. It is difficult for the unpractised eye today to form any idea of its original beauty. 9. The head of the Christ at Milan is Leonardo's conception of divinity expressed in perfect humanity.
IV. Scan the text and single out the main points of each paragraph.
V. Look through the text and write out all the unfamiliar words and phrases. Look them up in your English-Russian Dictionary. Single out the terms on the fine arts and learn them.
VI. Put the V + -ed forms from the text into appropriate columns. Pronounce the words minding that there are three ways of pronouncing -ed: [-d], [-t] and [-ɪd] (revise the rule if necessary).
| Past Simple | Past Participle | Adjective |
VII. Read and translate the text.
LEONARDO DA VINCIS MONA LISA
Early in 1503 Leonardo was back again in Florence, and set to work in earnest on the "Portrait of Mona Lisa", now in the Louvre (No. 1601). Lisa di Anton Maria di Noldo Gherardini was the daughter of Antonio Gherardini. In 1495 she married Francesco di Bartolommeo de Zenobi del Giocondo. It is from the surname of her husband that she derives the name of "La Joconde," by which her portrait is officially known in the Louvre.
Vasari is probably inaccurate in saying that Leonardo loitered over it for four years, and finally left it unfinished. He may have begun it in the spring of 1501 and, probably owing to having taken service under Cesare Borgia in the following year, put it on one side, ultimately completing it after working on the "Battle of Anghiari" in 1504.
Vasari's eulogy of this portrait may with advantage be quoted: "Whoever shall desire to see how far art can imitate nature may do so to perfection in this head, wherein every peculiarity that could be depicted by the utmost subtlety of the pencil has been faithfully reproduced. The eyes have the lustrous brightness and moisture which is seen in life, and around them are those pale, red, and slightly livid circles, also proper to nature. The nose, with its beautiful and delicately roseate nostrils, might be easily believed to be alive; the mouth, admirable in its outline, has the lips uniting the rose-tints of their colour with those of the face, in the utmost perfection, and the carnation of the cheek does not appear to be painted, but truly flesh and blood. He who looks earnestly at the pit of the throat cannot but believe that he sees the beating of the pulses. Mona Lisa was exceedingly beautiful, and while Leonardo was painting her portrait, he took the precaution of keeping some one constantly near her to sing or play on instruments, or to jest and otherwise amuse her."
Leonardo painted this picture in the full maturity of his talent, and, although it is now little more than a monochrome owing to the free and merciless restoration to which it has been at times subjected, it must have created a wonderful impression on those who saw it in the early years of the sixteenth century. It is difficult for the unpractised eye today to form any idea of its original beauty.
