Internet - , . Internet, , . Internet, .
Internet, , 1969 , , , Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). Internet , . Internet .
Internet , TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP , , Internet, . , Internet. , Internet:
World Wide Web. Internet, , , .
(E-mail). , , Internet.
. .
FTP (File Transfer Protocol ). .
Telnet. , , , .
Gopher. , Internet, , FTP.
.
IP- (TCP/IP-) , IP-. IP- 32- , , , :
1.111.111.213.232
2.127.0.0.1
3.192.168.9.2
, , TCP/IP , - . IP- IP- (NIC, Network Information Center).
, (LAN, Local Area Networks) (Wide Area Networks) . (Arpanet), , . ( ) , IP- NIC. IP-.
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. , () . IP-, , 192.168.1.0...192.168.1.255. . (192.168.1.0) , (broadcast) . , (), , .
, () . , , ARP-.
. , , . - :
1.255.255.255.0 256 (0...255); 2.255.255.255.192 64 (192...255); 3.255.255.0.0 65536 (256*256)
IP-
IP- : , , , D .
. : 255.0.0.0. 16777216 . 1.0.0.0...126.0.0.0, () 125.*.*.*
. 255.255.0.0. 65536 . 128.0.0.0... 191.255.0.0. 136.12.*.*
. 256 ( 254 , 0 255 ). 255.255.255.0. : 192.0.1.0...223.255.255.0. : 195.136.12.*
. . , 128.11.1.0 :
10000000 00001011 00000001 00000000
192.168.1.0:
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
10, , 110, .
1110, D, (multicast). D, , .
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2.28. TCP/IP. TCP/IP.
70- . . UNIX. . 50% Internet UNIX (LINEX). C 1998 . TCP . . .
TCP/IP.
I ( 2 OSI: ).
- : . , , Web- ..; - , , ; - -. : HTTP ( ), FTP ( ), TELNET ( ).
II (5 4 OSI- ). . : TCP ( , , ). . UDP . , , , .. . .
III (3 OSI ). : - , - . . . : IP Internet , OSPF , RTP - .
IV - (2,1 OSI ).
.
.
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.
.
: Ethernet.
.
. MAC- 6 (48 ). 2. IP- . , . 4 . : 192.168.5.29. 0255 IP-. IP- 2 : () () . IP- . IP- , . Internet: InterNIC. . 3. () . : www.ustu.ru. IP-. IP- (DNS- Domain Name Service). ( , ..). TCP/IP. (www.ur.ru) Internet, . IP-. DNS- IP- . ( , DNS, IP-, IP-). - . DNS-, IP- () IP- DNS- . IP- DNS- TCP/IP.
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2.29. Internet: (e-mail), (news), FTP-, WWW-. , , .
(E-mail) Internet. , 50 ( SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 5% . E-mail Internet. E-mail (Electronic mail) - . E-mail , ; ; , , , ; ( ) ; ; ; ; FTP no E-mail .
(news). (USENET, news) (USENET, news) - , . () . ! (BBS, Bulletin Board System), . News , , . . , , , . , . News- , - , . : m - , ; news - ; c - , , ..; sci - ; soc - ; talk - (, .), misc - .
(FTP) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - , .
FTP , (download) (upload), . FTP , ASCII ( ). ASCII- , . . FTP E-mail , .
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WWW- WWW
WWW (World Wide Web) - , Internet. - HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol), WWW-. - (), , , , -, .. WWW- (Web-) TCP/IP, Web- - (Browser). : Navigator/Communicator Netscape Internet Explorer Microsoft. WWW , - . Internet I WWW Telnet, E-mail, FTP, Gopher, WAIS, Archie, USENET News .. WWW , . Gopher , , . WWW , . WWW Internet. WWW I ( ). WWW- ' (, , ) Web-.