К ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ
Контрольная работа 1
Общие указания
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончаний -s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more… the less.
3. Числительные.
4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.
5. Глагол. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.
6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is/are.
7. Основные случаи словообразования.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к заданию 1)
Грамматическая функция окончания -s
1. My friends live in London. Мои друзья живут в Лондоне.
Friends – множественное число от имени существительного a friend.
2. Tom drinks coffee for breakfast. Том пьет кофе на завтрак.
Drinks – 3-е лицо множественного числа от глагола to drink в Present Indefinite.
3. My sister's son is a schoolboy. Сын моей сестры – школьник.
В слове sister's – окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Образец выполнения 2 (к заданию 2)
Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.
You can see interesting television Вечером можно увидеть
programmes in the evening. интересные телевизионные
программы.
Образец выполнения 3 (к заданию 5)
We invited them to our party. Мы пригласили их на нашу
вечеринку.
Invited – Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to invite.
I вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He reads a lot and he always speaks English at our lessons.
2. The British press consists of several kinds of newspapers.
3. A very important aspect of the city's economy is tourism.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Orange juice is very useful for our health.
2. The first British tennis Championship was in Glasgow in 1877.
3. Houses on sheep farms are very far from towns in Australia.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Winter months are best for skiing and skating.
2. Camping is much better than staying at hotels.
3. The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it.
Задание 4
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Your friends recommend some books on history.
2. There are not any sweets in the box.
3. No one came to visit me while I was in hospital.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. He went to America on his own initiative.
2. Jazz is a mixture of many different kinds of music.
3. Tom will probably arrive at 8 o'clock.
Задание 6
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Australia – the Unknown Southern Land
Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth large country and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The country's official name is Commonwealth of Australia.
The capital of the country is Canberra. Less than a hundred years ago there was nothing except sheep in Canberra. But then Australians decided to build a capital city. The work began in 1913. Now Canberra is an international city. It's a beautiful place with parks, lakes, big open streets and fine buildings.
There are six states and two Territories in Australia. Each state has its government. Australian states are: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.
Queensland is a large state. It has long beautiful sandy beaches. There are 1400 different kinds of fish and more than 300 kinds of corals. Tropical fruit and flowers grow on the beautiful islands.
Tasmania, the island south of Australia, is small. It is the same size as England. A large part of the island is covered with wild beautiful forests. These forests are full of wonderful flowers and interesting animals.
In the Northern Territory you will find the red heart of Australia. And it is red with red rocks, red sand and red sky in the evening. Every year thousands of tourists visit this strange group of huge red stones.
Sydney is the best known place in New South Wales. There are the Blue Mountains in the state. They are covered with forests of blue coloured eucalyptus trees. The air above the forest contains millions of microscopic drops of eucalyptus oil. When the sun shines the air of the Blue Mountains is really blue.
The state of Western Australia is dry and inhospitable. It has a dry desert with very few towns and lonely cattle stations.
In Victoria most people live in the south. Melbourne is the capital of the state and the largest city. Sheep and wheat are the main product here.
South Australia is the driest of all the states but it has the Murray River. The river brings greenness and life to the south- east corner.
Australia is one of the world's developed countries. It has modern factories and highly productive mines. Australia is sometimes called “the lucky country”. The reason is the wonderful riches under the earth: gold, silver, iron, coal and other metals.
II вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. George Washington's army defeated the British troops at York town, Virginia.
2. The government of the USA makes laws.
3. The US has many natural resources, rich soil for agriculture and forests.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. The US produces food products.
2. There are two main mountain systems in the West.
3. Students have a week of spring vacation.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in size and population.
2. The East is much wetter than the West.
3. The warmer the weather the better I feel.
Задание 4
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Any child may get a certificate of secondary education.
2. Christopher Columbus discovered some islands of the West Indies.
3. No real portrait of him exists.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres.
2. Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day.
3. The war went badly for the Americans.
Задание 6
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
New York
In 1626 two ships of the Dutch colonists arrived in the mouth of the Hudson River. They set up the settlement and named it New Amsterdam. In 1664 the colony was captured by the British fleet under Duke of York and renamed New York.
Now New York is the largest and the most important city of the country.
It is the biggest port in the world. Thousands of ships come to the port of New York each year. The city consists of five districts: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond.
Manhattan is the heart of New York. It is the business and financial centre. The Empire State Building, Central Park, Broadway and Chinatown are there.
It is crossed from north to south by avenues and from east to west by streets. You can see the newest plays and shows at the theatres on Broadway.
The Empire State Building is one of the best-loved skyscrapers. Today more than 16000 people work in the building and more than 2500000 people a year visit observatories.
New York is often called the cultural capital of the USA. There are more than 800 museums in New York. One of the best known is the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is the largest art museum. Its magnificent collection of European and American paintings contains works of great masters of art world.
People call New York City the “Big Apple”. Jazz musicians in the 1920s gave New York this name. When a musician says he is going to the Big Apple, its means he is the best.
New York is also a very cosmopolitan city. People from many countries came to live there. It is known as a “melting pot”, because people of different races and nationalities make up its population.
There are a lot of colleges and universities in New York. The State University of New York and Columbia University are the most important educational institutions.
III вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The political parties choose candidates in elections.
2. The Queen's residence is in Buckingham Palace
3. Television plays a great role in our life today.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. We went to the river with family friends.
2. She works as a school teacher in the village.
3. Water lilies are very beautiful flowers.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The coldest regions are in the north.
2. The Sunday newspapers are larger than the daily papers.
3. The most important industry in Scotland is ship-building.
Задание 4
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. There are some ways of travelling.
2. Producing output any firm uses available resources.
3. No one in the class did their homework.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. The battle took place at a small village near the town.
2. The climate is mild and humid.
3. We shall probably go to Scotland for our holiday.
Задание 6
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
England is the heart of Britain. It is the richest, the most fertile and the most populated. There are many beautiful lakes with green, wooded or grassy shores and mountains all around. It is called Lake District. London is the capital of England. Its national symbol is a red rose.
Wales is the smallest land of the United Kingdom. The capital of Wales in Cardiff, an important industrial centre and port. The national symbol is a leek or a daffodil.
Scotland is a land of mountains, narrow valleys and plains, famous lakes and small islands. The Highlands of Scotland are the oldest mountains in the world. The Lakes in Scotland are called “lochs”. The national symbol of Scotland is a thistle and its capital in Edinburgh.
Northern Ireland is a land of lakes, rivers and a varied sea coast. Belfast is the capital. A shamrock is the national symbol of Ireland.
The climate of Great Britain is mild. The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the weather of the British Isles. The summers are cool and rainy; the winters are not very cold.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. Coal, iron, steel and various machines are produced there. There are many big industrial cities in Britain, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester and Liverpool.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. The Queen is the Head of State. But she doesn't rule the country. The British Parliament has the real power. It consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
IV вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The USA is the world's leader in many branches.
2. There are hundreds of farms, large cities and small towns in the country.
3. This country occupies a very large territory.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. You will pass through four time zones.
2. A lot of people like to play table tennis.
3. Field flowers smell pleasant.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer that that of the Atlantic coast.
2. The USA is one of the greatest industrial nations in the world.
3. The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.
Задание 4
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. You should take any opportunity of speaking English.
2. The guide will show some of the most attractive parts of the region.
3. There were no shops open.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. It will be rather warm.
2. I usually go to work by car.
3. Tom lost his key yesterday.
Задание 6
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Canada
Canada is a vast country, bigger than the United States, bigger than the continent of Australia. It covers the northern part of North America. Canada extends for thousands of miles from the Arctic Ocean to the United States and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
The story of Canada goes back over 400 years. The French were the first settlers in this country. Several expeditions from France were sent out to explore the new country. Colonists built several large French colonies. The official name of the territory was “New France”. There were wars with the Indians and struggles against Great Britain. In 1759 France lost Canada. Canada became a British colony. Later Canada was given its independence, but it remained part of the British Empire.
Today Canada is an independent federative state, consisting of 100 provinces and two territories. It is a member of the Commonwealth headed by the Queen of Great Britain. But she doesn't rule the country. She serves as a symbol of British tradition. The real power belongs to the Prime minister and his Cabinet. The Canadian Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Common and the Senate.
There are two official languages in the country: English and French. All Canadian children have to learn both French and English at school.
The capital of Canada is Ottawa. The Maple Leaf is the national emblem of the country. It is often called “Land of the Maple Leaf”.
All kinds of weather conditions and scenery are to be found in Canada. It includes some of the world's largest lakes. One-third of all fresh water on the Earth is in Canada. The country has a small population but it is very prosperous. Canadians developed its rich natural resources and achieved a high standard of living.
V вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. An encyclopedia gives information about every branch of knowledge.
2. The reader's questions to the editor help to improve the newspaper.
3. A lot of rare birds and animals live in Australia.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. A school year begins on the first of September.
2. This country is rich in land resources.
3. My brother often goes to the city library.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The farther north you go, the hotter it gets.
2. Australia is the oldest of all continents.
3. Tom looks older than he really is.
Задание 4
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. No man is useless while he has a friend.
2. I would like to give you some flowers.
3. He did not take any books.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. There are no heavy frosts in winter.
2. People began to build new settlements.
3. I shall meet you outside the hotel in ten minutes.
Задание 6
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
New Zealand
New Zealand is a South Pacific country located between the Equator and the South Pole, and approximately 1600 kilometres east of Australia. There are two main islands, the North and South Islands, separated by Cook Strait.
New Zealand was discovered and settled more than a thousand years ago by the Maori people, who migrated from Polynesian Islands of the South Pacific.
The landscape is notable for its variety and particularly its mountainous nature. The mountains of the South Island include 19 peaks exceeding 3000 metres.
A special feature of the North Island is the central volcanic region with three still active volcanic peaks and thermal activity featuring hot springs, geysers and boiling mud pools. Both major islands contain fertile low-land areas of pastoral land, large forests, many sandy beaches and short rivers. These provide a valuable source of hydro-electric power.
Numerous lakes exist in both islands. The lakes of North Island are situated on the volcanic plateau and the major lakes of the South Island are set in beautiful mountain scenery.
Lying within the South Temperate Zone, New Zealand has an oceanic climate, without extremes of heat or cold. Most parts of the country enjoy sunshine and rainfall, although the weather is rather changeable. Seasons are reverse of the Northern Hemisphere. Temperatures are higher in the north of the country. Winter brings extensive snow falls in the south.
Despite its geographical location, New Zealand has been closely involved with the major international events. New Zealand became a member of the United Nations organization.
Контрольная работа 2
Общие указания
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
1. Видо-временные формы глагола: a) активный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); b) пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).
Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2. Модальные глаголы: a) выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can – to be able; b) выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund (герундий). Простые формы.
4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к заданию 1)
1. The firm is carrying on negotiations Эта фирма ведет переговоры
for the purchase of ore. о покупке руды.
Is carrying – Present Continuous Active от глагола to carry.
2. The radio was invented Радио было изобретено
by Popov in 1895. Поповым в 1895 г.
Was invented – Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to invent.
Образец выполнения 2 (к заданию 2)
1. Knowing English well, he translated Хорошо зная английский язык,
the text without a dictionary. он перевел текст без словаря.
Knowing – Participle I, обстоятельство.
2. The subjects studied by our students Предметы, изучаемые нашими
are rather difficult. студентами, довольно сложные.
Studied – Participle II, определение.
3. She is looking at the woman Она смотрит на женщину,
sitting at the window. сидящую у окна.
Looking – Participle I, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Continuous Active от глагола to look.
Sitting – Participle I, определение.
I вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Niagara Falls has long been a popular tourist destination.
2. The company is developing a new product.
3. Most of the world's electricity is made in power stations.
4. Pierre and Marie Curie were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите их функции (определение, обстоятельство или часть глагола-сказуемого). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Pesticides are chemicals used to kill insects and other animals that attack and destroy crops.
2. Planting trees we protect woodlands.
3. Goods sold to other countries are exports.
4. Moving parts of a machine tool are dangerous.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. They must solve a number of scientific problems.
2. You may use this method in your research.
3. One should know difference between these systems of marketing.
4. Firms have to increase efficiency of labour for higher profit.
Задание 4
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison invented the first working light bulb. Thomas had almost no formal schooling, yet he invented over 1000 different things. Among Edison's inventions are the phonograph, the movie camera and the movie projector.
Thomas Edison invented his electric light bulb in 1879, but there was still much work to do. No one knew how to use electricity outside of a laboratory before Thomas Edison. He and his workers had to create a safe electric system. First they had to build a factory. Then, they had to build the dynamos (generators) to make electricity. Next they had to send out the electricity.
Edison began his project in New York City. By 1887 much of New York City had electricity. Edison founded the Edison Electric Light Company and continued to supply electricity to New York and other places.
Thomas Edison continued to invent all his life. After the World War II he tried to invent a substitute for rubber because of the shortage that the war caused.
Thomas Edison was a true genius, but he never went to a college or university. The only time Edison attended school was when he was seven years old. But he became one of the America's most famous and most honoured men.
II вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The first commercial television broadcast was made in 1939.
2. The Finance Manager is working on the financial report.
3. Goods are produced on farms or in factories.
4. The city has impressed him very much.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите их функции (определение, обстоятельство или часть глагола-сказуемого). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Many birds and fish die because of the polluted water.
2. Working in the laboratory we always use these instruments.
3. Data obtained were used in the new system.
4. A molecule is a composition consisting of two or more atoms.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In this figure you can see a diagram of temperature changes.
2. He must work hard to finish the experiment.
3. You may find all the necessary material in the library.
4. The consumer has to solve the problem of choice.
Задание 4
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein is known all over the world as a brilliant theoretical physicist and the founder of the theory of relativity. Some of his ideas made possible the atomic bomb, television and other inventions. He is one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century.
Einstein went to school in Munich. Neither his parents nor his school teachers thought much of his abilities.
In 1895 Albert failed the entrance examination to a technical college in Zurich. But a year later he passed the exam and entered the college.
After graduating the college Einstein started to work at the Swiss Patent office in Bern. In 1905 he wrote a short article in a science magazine. This was his “Special Theory of Relativity”, which gave the world the most famous equation, relating mass and energy, the basis of atomic energy.
Later he became a professor in several European universities. In 1914 he moved to Berlin as a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. After ten years of hard work he created his “General Theory of Relativity”. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for physics.
When Hitler came to power in 1933, Einstein decided to settle in the United States. In 1939 Albert wrote a letter to President Roosevelt, at the request of several prominent physicists, outlining the military potential of nuclear energy and the dangers of a Nazi lead in this field. His letter influenced the decision to build an atomic bomb, though he took no part in the Manhattan Project. After the war he spoke out passionately against nuclear weapons and repression.
III вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The manager is signing the contract.
2. These television sets are made by a Japanese firm.
3. Americans have won numerous science awards.
4. Uranium was discovered by Einstein.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите их функции (определение, обстоятельство или часть глагола-сказуемого). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Being the first female physician, Elizabeth Blackwell established the first medical school for women.
2. The goods produced by the company were of high quality.
3. The applied device was very efficient.
4. Air is a mixture consisting of 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This mechanic can repair any type of engine.
2. He must check a fuel level in his car.
3. The economist should rely on all information that he can find.
4. In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources.
Задание 4
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Tsiolkovsky – Founder of Astronautics
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, the founder of astronautics, was born in Ryazansky province in 1857. When he was ten he had scarlet fever. That had a great influence on his life.
When Tsiolkovsky reached the age of fifteen, he began to study elementary mathematics. At about that time he first thought of constructing a large balloon with a metallic envelope. Realizing that his knowledge was not enough, he began to study higher mathematics. The result was that he became a mathematics and physics teacher and remained so for forty years.
Tsiolkovsky carried out experiments on steam engineers for a time, but then he returned to the theoretical study of the metallic dirigible. In 1887 his first published paper on the dirigible appeared. The account of his aeronautical work was submitted to the Academy of Sciences who regarded it favourably and made Tsiolkovsky a grant of 470 roubles.
He had not given up his idea about space travel. A popular report on this subject was first published in 1895. Tsiolkovsky's idea of a spaceship was based on the use of liquid fuels.
During the next fifteen years Tsiolkovsky worked over other designs for spaceships. Some of them are now standard practice in the guided missile field. He published several articles and books dealing with the mathematical theory of rocket flights ad space travel.
His calculations were used in modern theory of cosmonautics and practical space flights. They showed that it would be possible to travel out into space in rockets and even to set up manned space stations around the Earth. Tsiolkovsky's contribution to science is very great.
IV вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. Australia is imported machines and computer equipment from the USA.
2. David has worked hard this term.
3. We are working on a new project.
4. Galileo Galilei was born in France.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите их функции (определение, обстоятельство или часть глагола-сказуемого). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We spent two hours choosing the best place for our holiday.
2. Threatened trees need protection.
3. The author invented all the characters described in the novel.
4. The electrons revolving around the nucleus have a negative charge.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She can study chemistry at the University.
2. He may use a barometer to measure the atmospheric pressure.
3. He must illustrate this law by several experiments.
4. You ought to have the firm re-registered as soon as possible or you may have trouble.
Задание 4
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Lomonosov was born in 1711 in the family of a fisherman not far from Archangelsk. When he was ten years of age, his father began to take him sea fishing. The dangerous life of a fisherman taught him to observe the natural phenomena more closely. During the long winter nights young Lomonosov studied his letters, grammar and arithmetic diligently.
Being the son of a peasant, he was refused admission the local school. After some years, through concealing his peasant origin, he gained admission to the Slavonic- Greek- Latin Academy. The noblemen's sons studying with him made fun of the twenty-year-old giant. But Mikhail made rapid progress.
After five years came the chance of entering the Academy of Science, as there were not enough noble-born students to fill the quota. His ability and diligence attracted the attention of professors. One of three best students Mikhail was sent abroad. He spent all the time there studying the works of leading European scientists in chemistry, metallurgy, mining and mathematics. On his return to Russia in 1745 he was made a professor and was the first Russian scientist to become a member of the Academy of Science.
For versatility Lomonosov has no equal in Russian science. Many of his ideas and discoveries only won recognition in the nineteenth century. He was the first to discover the vegetable origin of coal. As a poet and scientist Lomonosov played a great role in the formation of the Russian literary language, eliminating distortions and unnecessary foreign words. He died in 1765. His living memorial is the Moscow University which he founded in 1755.
Пояснения к тексту
To conceal one's peasant – скрыть свое крестьянское происхождение
To fill the quota – чтобы набрать нужное количество
The vegetable origin of – растительное происхождение угля
To eliminate distortions – устранить диспропорции
V вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Angela has just started evening classes.
2. Mass is measured in grams or kilograms.
3. The first electric lamp was invented in 1873.
4. A lot of rural women are working in agriculture on farms.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите их функции (определение, обстоятельство или часть глагола-сказуемого). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Thomas Edison invented the phonograph while trying to improve a telegraph repeater.
2. Exports are goods and services sold to other countries.
3. We shall hear a reporter talking about earthquakes.
4. The results received were of great importance for future work.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You must dissolve some salt in water.
2. I can devote myself to scientific work.
3. Government regulations should be in the interests of society.
4. Prices are to regulate production and consumption in a market economy.
Задание 4
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Igor Kurchatov
Among our famous atomic scientists the first place belongs by right to Academician Igor Kurchatov. He is known to be the founder of the atomic might of Russia.
In 1925 Kurchatov began working at the Physical-Engineering Institute. Great results having been achieved in the research of dielectrics, Kurchatov was interested in the carrying on the investigation of atom.
As far as the early thirties atomic research was being successfully conducted in the Russian nuclear physics was in need of powerful source of fast particles capable of including a nuclear reaction. Kurchatov with a group of research workers began investigating the physics of the nucleus of the atom. Their investigations led to a striking discovery of fission of uranium.
Kurchatov understood the neutron to be the key to splitting the atom, having put all his efforts into neutron researching. In 1940 Kurchatov came to the conclusion that slow neutron chain reaction was possible.
In 1949 the Russia Government announced that the secret of the atom bomb no longer existed. The scientists continued working in the field of atom peaceful application.
In 1954 the first atomic power plant in the world was put into operation near Moscow. Later Kurchatov was engrossed by an idea to master controlled thermonuclear reactions.
The scientist's knowledge has become immortalized in the world's first atomic power plant, in atom-driven ice-breakers, in Dubna Institute and
in the broad development of thermonuclear research in our country.
Контрольная работа 3
Общие указания
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.
2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции:
a) подлежащего, b) составной части сказуемого, c) определения,
d) обстоятельства.
5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к заданию 1)
1. The meetings are usually held here. Здесь обычно проводят собрания.
Present Indefinite Passive.
2. The main question has Главный вопрос уже обсудили.
already been discussed.
Present Perfect Passive.
Образец выполнения 2 (к заданию 2)
1. It is very important to know Очень важно знать иностранные
foreign languages. языки.
2. One must read the instructions Нужно прочитать инструкции
carefully to do this work properly. внимательно для того, чтобы
выполнить эту работу правильно.
3. The evening newspaper is thicker Вечерняя газета объемнее,
than the morning one. чем утренняя.
Образец выполнения 3 (к заданию 4)
1. The region we must explore Район, который мы должны
possesses great numeral wealth. исследовать, обладает огромны-
ми природными ресурсами.
2. I think he has made a mistake Я думаю, что он сделал
in his calculations. ошибку в расчетах.
I вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец выполнения 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A few figures were displayed on the screen.
2. The angles of the triangle have been measured.
3. The atomic ice-breaker is equipped with an atomic engine.
4. A new plan is being discussed now.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. I don't like this method, let's use another one.
2. It is necessary to use scarce resources sparingly.
3. There are a lot of factors in agriculture that must be assumed as risks by farmers.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Corporation is a firm owned by a group of people, called stockholders.
2. For every buyer there has to be a seller.
3. The market is to decide how much to produce.
4. The students of our group do not have a conference today.
Задание 4
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The methods we have just described are very effective.
2. I was sure he would come.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. To make this experiment without help is difficult.
2. The law to be remembered is very complicated.
3. To design such a mechanism he has to know many things.
4. The imports tariffs were not raised high enough to decrease imports.
Задание 6
Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Plastics
Many of us cannot imagine our life at present without plastics. Plastics are organic substances made synthetically by polymerization. You cannot go through a single day without some association with plastics: threads, sheets, tubes, combs and pens. They are durable and simple in production. Almost all plastics are produced from coal, air and water.
Plastics that consist of long-chain molecules can be softened by heat and molded into a desired shape. They are called thermoplastics. Plastics in which the polymer chains are cross-linked have much greater rigidity and cannot be softened readily. They are called thermosetting. The terms “thermoplastics” and “thermosetting” are also applied to the resins from which plastics are made. The resin may be natural, like cellulose, but it is most generally synthetic.
The resin is also known as the binder. Substances added to the plastic to enhance certain properties, e.g. hardness, resistance to shock or resistance to abrasion are called fillers; examples are asbestos, glass fibers and wood flour.
Plasticizers are also included in the formation. Antioxidants may be added to promote chemical stability and thus prolong life. Catalysts are added to assist the final cure (final formation of the product), and stabilizers to protect against sunlight, heat and other destructive factors.
II вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец выполнения 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The balloon was filled with hot smoke.
2. The new apparatus has been installed in the laboratory.
3. The ships are generally driven by steam turbines.
4. The new principle of the construction will be insisted upon by the invention.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is presumed that the ship's radio equipment was put out of action during the fire.
2. One must be careful working with sharp tools and motors.
3. An ideal soil is one which is never waterlogged.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. We are to test this device.
2. The fertilizers had all the necessary elements.
3. Some substances do not conduct heat.
4. Science is important to everyone who is affected by modern technology.
Задание 4
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. Every language consists of words we put together in sentences.
2. He said he would make a report at the conference.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. To obtain these data was easy.
2. Bell was the first to invent the telephone.
3. The commodity is too expensive to be in large demand.
4. The problem to be solved is of great importance for this branch of science.
Задание 6
Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Polymers
Life depends on organic polymers. Nearly all the material needs of man could be supplied by natural organic products. The list of these materials and things made from them might be very long: wood, fur, leather, wood, cotton, silk, rubber, oil, paper and so on. The organic polymers which these things are made from include: proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and a few other classes of compounds.
Synthetic polymers possess several of the properties required in a structural material. They are light in weight, easily transported, easily repaired, highly resistant to corrosion and solvents, and satisfactorily resistant to moisture. It would be necessary to add that they have long- lived durability and resistance to high temperature.
It was only in the 20th century that scientists began thorough investigation of these materials. Having used some powerful physical instruments, an electron microscope, viscosimeter, they could have revealed the polymers in all their intricacy. Their molecules were incredibly large.
The giant molecules can be composed of a large number of repeating units and they are given the name “polymer” from the Greek word “poly” (many) and “meros” (a part). Many polymers have the form of long flexible chains.
Now the chemists synthesize artificial polymers. This has led to the establishment of industries producing synthetic fibers and numerous polymeric materials.
III вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец выполнения 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Helicopters were first introduced for regular airline service in 1947.
2. The experiment has been carried out successfully.
3. The pipe- lines are used to transport petroleum.
4. The new equipment will be tested on Monday.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. The new machine works better than the old one.
2. It is a biological fact that living organisms consist of a variety of cells.
3. One can find interesting material on the speciality journals.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The sun is the most important source of energy.
2. The atomic ice- breaker has three nuclear reactors.
3. He often has to stay up late in the library getting ready for seminars.
4. Water is to be purified by distillation.
Задание 4
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. According to the statement you sent me last month, there is $200 to pay.
2. I know he is a good accountant.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. To prove any statement is a very difficult task.
2. The equipment to be installed is very effective.
3. To get rid of noise, specialists investigate general characteristics of noise.
4. The function of the transmitter is to encode the message.
Задание 6
Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Ecology
In the 20th century with the rapid growth of science and technology human achievements in conquering nature became so great that man's economic activities began to produce an increasingly negative effect on the biosphere.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables. Every year word industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burnt in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.
Environmental pollution increases the cases of disease, raises the cost of medical services reduces the life-span of a man. By now the pollution and poisoning of the soil, water and air have reached a critical level. Environmental pollution has become a significant obstacle to economic growth. The discharge of dust and gas into the atmosphere returns to the Earth in the form of “acid rain” and affects crops the quality of forests, the amount of fish. To this we can add the rise of chemicals, radioactivity, noise and other types of pollution.
Economic, social, technological and biological processes have become so interdependent that modern production must be seen as a complex economic system.
IV вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец выполнения 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Helicopters are used for carrying mail and passengers on short routes.
2. The temperature has been maintained at the point of 20 degrees since the beginning of the experiment.
3. The plans of the next year are being discussed at the meeting.
4. The bridge was designed by a well-known engineer.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is known that there are rich deposits of coal in that district.
2. This good is in great demand as it is of high quality.
3. One can classify labour into productive and unproductive.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The farmer has to study thoroughly the conditions on his farm to get higher profit.
2. We are to study the main laws of physics.
3. Plastics are durable and simple in production materials.
4. Now every society has a money economy based on coins and paper bills.
Задание 4
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. We know the English language has a fixed word order.
2. This is the man I told you about.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. They burnt coal to warm the house.
2. The conference to be held will discuss questions dealing with communication problems.
3. Specialists face many difficulties to solve the technical problems.
4. To manufacture this model of equipment is profitable for producers.
Задание 6
Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Radiant Energy
For many years men used light and heat energy from the Sun and from fires but they did not understand the nature of light and heat until quite recently. Near the end of the 19th century, scientists began to think of light as waves travelling through space, somewhat the way that waves move over water.
As the problem was explored, it seemed that there should be other forms of energy, which travel in the same way that light does.
This study led to the discovery of radio waves which are somewhat like light waves. They both travel at the same speed and go out in all directions, or radiate, from one sport. They have been called radiant energy.
Radiant energy waves are unlike anything else in the Universe. Radiant energy waves need no material to carry them from place to place. This seemed so unbelievable to scientists that for years they pretended that space was filled with a substance called ether, through which light, radio and other waves of radiant energy travelled.
The number of waves which are passing a given point in a second is the frequency. In sound, we know that the greater the frequency, the higher the pitch that we hear. Experiment shows that the short, high-frequency light waves are seen as violet in colour, while the longer low-frequency waves are seen as red in colour. Some radiant energy waves, such as X- rays, are so short and have so high frequency that they cannot be seen at all. Others, such as radio waves, are so long and have so low frequency that you do not know they are present. Scientists learn about them only by experimenting and using sensitive instruments.
It is known that a current in a wire produces a magnetic field about it. If the current goes back and forth, or oscillates, a wave is set up which moves through space with the speed of light. These are radio waves. They have all the properties of other waves of radiant energy.
Radio broadcasting stations, television studios, radar sets and signals from satellites all depend upon radiant energy waves for their operation.
V вариант
Задание 1
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец выполнения 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The article from the journal “Machinery” has been translated.
2. Cableways are used at winter sport centres to carry skiers to the top of the slopes.
3. The experiment will be carried out in December.
4. Crude oil was found below the Earth’s surface.
Задание 2
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. One should know the differences between these systems of marketing.
2. It is reported that several Japanese manufacturers are planning to set up plants overseas.
3. It is the best auto fuel.
Задание 3
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. We are to control the speed of these particles.
2. The country has huge reserves of combustible minerals.
3. Atoms are made up of neutrons, electrons and protons.
4. People have to accept the recommendations of scientists.
Задание 4
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. Money can be used to buy things we wish to consume.
2. She said she didn't understand the text.
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. To carry out the household goods was the job of women in wandering tribes.
2. Franklin was the first to develop a new theory of electricity.
3. To earn more profit the firm has to vary its technology.
4. There is only one signal to be detected.
Задание 6
Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Heat
Heat is a form of energy. It does not take up any space. It does not weigh anything. It can be used to do work when we see an automobile speeding down a road, we can be sure that it is being driven by the heat of burning gasoline.
There are many ways of producing heat. Fire, friction and electricity are three of them. All the ways of producing heat, however, would not keep the Earth warm enough for us to live on it if it were not for the Sun. The Sun has given the earth heat for millions of years.
Heat travels much better through metals. They are good conductors of heat. Wool, asbestos and air are three of the many poor conductors of heat. We use poor conductors to shut heat in or shut it out.
Most substances expand or get bigger when they are heated. Heat brings about many other changes in materials. Heating some solid substances make them melt. Heating liquids make them change to a vapour or gas.
Cold means absence of h
