Gastro-intestinal diseases
1.What does digestive system consist of? Describe the process of digestion.
Digestive system consist of: the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas,
Small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal + anal sphincter.
Digestion can be divided into 5 processes, each doing a specific job:
ü Ingestion: taking in food
ü Propulsion: moving food through the gastro-intestinal tract
ü Digestion: which includes mechanical digestion, the breakdown of food by chewing and the churning of the stomach, and chemical digestion, in which enzymes and digestive juices break down the food into molecules
ü Absorption: of the nutrients
ü Elimination: of the waster from the body.
2.What are the principal function of the gastro-intestinal tract?
The functions of the gastro-intestinal tract are:
1. Break up food into smaller pieces.
2. Transporting food the GI tract (gastrointestinal).
3. Screeting digestive enzymes.
4. Absorbing nutrients into the blood.
5. Excreting solid waste products (waste).
3.What is gastritis? What types of gastritis do you know? What other gastro-intestinal diseases do you know? Define them.
Gastritis -a disease in which inflammation of the membranes formed stomach. Allocate two types of gastritis: acute gastritis and chronic gastritis.
The most common disease of the stomach gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which causes a violation of its functions. Dangerous diseases of the digestive tract are stomach ulcer. Failure of a diet is also cause of pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. As a result of improper nutrition, antibiotic treatment may be dyzbakterioz. In case of violations of food misuse of dry, fatty foods, sedentary lifestyle with age may be stagnation and thickening of bile in the gall bladder, leading to cholecystitis. Use of spoiled food can lead to poisoning. Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the mucous membrane of rectum and other parts of the colon.
4. What can acute and chronic gastritis are caused by?
Acute gastritis is caused by ingestion of alcohol or other irritating or corrosive substances. Chronic gastritis is associated with smoking alcoholism and may be caused by bile entering the stomach from the duodenum, but most causes are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
5. What are the most prominent symptoms of each type of gastritis?
The symptoms of acute gastritis are: malaise, anorexia, epigastric pressure, fullness, nausea, headaсhe, vertigo, vomiting, prostration, exhaustion.
The symptoms of chronic gastritis are: heartburn, epigastric fullness, pressure after the ingestion of food, serious gross hemorrhages.
Speak on the treatment of different type of gastritis.
Most doctors prescribe antacids, antibiotics and even proton pump inhibitors to prevent gastritis from occurring. Medications that can block acid in the stomach are also recommended. Also appointed Change of Diet and Homeopathic Remedies.
7. What is ulcerative colitis? What are the symptoms?
Ulcerative colitis is inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum. Symptoms are diarrhea, lower abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss.
8. What is the treatment for ulcerative colitis?
Ulcerative colitis is treated with antidiarrheal drugs, rest, sulfonamide drug, corticosteroids and enemas.
9. What complications may ulcerative colitis causes?
Ulcerative colitis may cause such complications: bloody diarrhea, perforation of the intestine, peritonitis, intestinal bleeding, anemia, arthritis, inflammation of the eyes, and cancer of the colon.
10.What is appendicitis? What are the causes and symptoms?
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
Believe there are two likely causes:
Infection - a stomach infection may have found its way to the appendix.
Obstruction - a hard piece of stool may have got trapped in the appendix. The bacteria in the trapped stool may then have infected the appendix.
Symptoms of appendicitis are: pain in the umbilical region, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever.
11. What is peritonitis? Describe its clinical manifestation. How to manage this pathology?
Peritonitis - is a serious disorder caused by an inflammation of the peritoneum, most often due to a bacterial infection. Clinical manifestations vary: severe constant pain and tenderness may be maximal in the general area of an underlying disorder such as appendicitis, perforated ulcer. Since movement intensifies the pain, the patient lies quietly, with shallow respiration and tends to draw up his things and hunch his shoulders. Antimicrobial therapy, maintenance of the electrolyte balance and surgical skill has greatly reduced the mortality of peritonitis.
Liver diseases
1. What is a liver? Give the anatomical description of the liver.
Liver is a larges and most complex organ in the body. Most of it lies in the right upper side of the abdomen under the diaphragm and ribs, and it extends across to the left side of the body overlying the upper of the stomach. It is covered by a tough, fibrous capsule. The gallbladder and its ducts lie beneath the right side of the liver. The liver is composed of up to 100,000 branched and interconnected cells (lobules). Each lobule is surrounded by capillaries from hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery.
2. What is the principle physiological function of the liver?
The function of the liver are:
ü Liver cells recycle various substances, such as hemoglobin;
ü Liver destroys many poisonous substances that may be absorbed into the body;
ü Acts as an organ of excretion;
ü Liver stores vitamins (except vitamin C);
ü It regulates the amount of blood sugar, converting excess glucose to glycogen;
ü It forms red blood cells in the fetus and is the site of production of plasma proteins.
ü Plays major role in metabolism
ü Hormone production
ü Plasma protein synthesis
ü Glycogen storage.
3. What are the causes of liver diseases? Name and define the diseases.
There are such liver diseases: hepatitis, cirrhosis, amoebic dysentery, hematomas, biliary dyskinesia and others. The causes of liver diseases are: infection, poisoning, excessive alcohol, metabolic abnormalities, obstruction and deficiency diseases.
4. What are the symptoms of liver disorders?
The symptoms of liver disorders are: dull ache in the upper right part of the abdomen, jaundice, abdominal swelling, bloody vomiting, and blood in the faeces (melena).
5. Give the definition of cirrhosis ? What are its types?
Cirrhosis is a type of permanent and progressive liver damage.
The types of cirrhosis are:
ü Laennec’s
ü Post necrotic
ü Biliary
ü Hemochromatosis
ü Cardiac or congestive
ü Rare and nonspecific cirrhosis
6. What are the symptoms of cirrhosis?
The symptoms of cirrhosis are: weakness, feeling of tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting of blood, constipation or diarrhea, jaundice, broken blood vessels, hard liver, a swollen abdomen and swollen ankles.
7. What is the treatment for cirrhosis?
The treatment for cirrhosis includes steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, highprotein diet with extra vitamins and antibiotic drugs.
8. What is the difference between hepatitis A and hepatitis B?
Hepatitis A has a shorter incubation period and higher contagious rate than hepatitis B. Hepatitis A is transmitted by a fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B is transmitted by the parenteral route.
9. What are the histological and morphological lesions of hepatitis?
The typical morphological lesions of both hepatitis A and И are often similar and consist of pan lobular infiltration with mononuclear cells, hepatic cell necrosis, hyperplasia of Kuppfer cells and variable degrees of cholestasis.
A more severe histological lesion, sub acute hepatic necrosis, is occasionally observed in some patients and may imply a worse prognosis.
